The Italian peninsula across
the Mediterranean Sea is part of the tectonic plate
boundary - the accommodation zone -- between the
Eurasian and the African plates, which continue to
move closer to each other. This motion controls the
long-term evolution of the boundary, but recent geologic
changes suggest a more rapid tectonic event superimposed
on the slow motion of the big plates and localized
to the Apennine arc. This signature event of the
Italian peninsula is most dramatically manifested
in the current deformation along the Calabrian portion
of the arc and is the main focus of this project.
Researchers from the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, in conjunction with
researchers from the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, are
working to deploy 50 portable digital broadband seismographs throughout
southern Italy. These instruments will record both global and regional
earthquakes for 18 months. Researchers are also working to deploy an additional
10 digital broad-band ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS) offshore for a period
of 12 months. Researchers will use signals from distant earthquakes to
develop a catscan, or a three dimensional image, of the Earth's crust and
mantle beneath the Italian Peninsula of the earth. read
more background information on project |
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| In
a limestone cave off a path wending from a convent,
Alberto Frepoli, in yellow, discussed the work
to do with Chad Holmes, a graduate student at the
Earth & Environmental Sciences department.
In addition to the data collection from a seismograph,
researchers spent time readjusting the solar panel
to capture more sunlight; replacing the foam box
currently used for thermal insulation with a foam-lined
plastic flower pot; and clearing "a somewhat precarious
pile of debris" that had settled on a slope above
the sensor. |
Report 5: Working in the Cave (read
report 1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
by Chad Holmes, Graduate Student at the Earth & Environmental
Sciences
Winter in southern Italy offers a beauty not often noted by typical tourist
guides. Early morning fog settling in the countryside, where tiny movements
in the distance mark the passing of a herd of goats; puffs of breath punctuating
the air as we walk along winding roads lined with buildings constructed before
our fathers' fathers; the pleasure of sipping on a cup of thick hot chocolate
with the consistency of Hershey's Syrup after a long, chilly day spent in
the field these are just some of the experiences that proved as much
a surprise as the seemingly endless hospitality extended our way in our recent
travels.
And in a country where the logic of straight
roads and consistent, clear street signs remains a challenge for
future generations to tackle, frequently the bulk of the day would
be spent in travel. The INGV van in conjunction with the Fiat Uno
driven by Salvatore, our driver/interpreter from Grottaminarda,
allowed for the creation of two independent field groups over the
period of a week and a half. With Alberto Frepoli at the wheel
of the INGV vehicle, Bob Greschke and I were treated to an unrivaled
source of historic knowledge regarding the local castles, exposed
Roman roads, and invasions during times past. We also discovered
the high-elevation town of Moliverno, where our information led
us to a potential new site in the Municipal building. Unfortunately,
despite the advantages of a level cement floor supposedly laid
atop coherent bedrock, the central courtyard afforded too small
a window of clear sky to establish a strong GPS satellite lock.
The interest among the town officials obviously ran high given
the attention we received at such a late hour; at half past one,
all of the school children had already left for home to enjoy lunch
with the family, and most businesses displayed closed signs in
the windows. Nevertheless, other potential sites offered for our
consideration included a separate Municipal room, an adjacent building
occasionally used for meeting space by the community, a local grade
school (equipped with exuberant, if not just plain noisy youngsters
whose eyes grew wide at the site of real, live Americans), and
an abandoned school centrally located in the town. The help was
greatly appreciated, but no one site stood out as a winner. After
collecting contact information for future visits, we hit the road
just in time to witness a herd of sheep crossing the main road
into town. Sandwiches of fresh proscuitto and mozzarella proved
tangible reward for our time that morning.
Polla, (pronounced Poll-la, not Pola), houses
a beautiful old convent along a steep mountainside overlooking
the main town. Driving up in early evening, we were greeted by
a scenic view to the left, two somewhat intimidating large wooden
doors leading straight in, and the benevolent gaze of the Virgin
Mother beautifully sculpted and lit with blue flashing lights to
our immediate right. After paging our host, Padre Ippolitto, (with
a New York style front door buzzer) we were led through the large
doors into a small hall, through a door bolted by two wooden bars,
and into a central courtyard where gorgeous faded paintings depicting
the men of the sanctuary's history surround an ancient stone well.
Passing through a second hall, we entered the rear garden and came
across "Oro," a German Shepherd whose instincts to lick
the hands of strangers seem at odds with his official position
as guard dog. A well-maintained garden path tracing the one side
of an enclosed soccer field (empty, alas...though the mental image
of nuns slide-tackling one another unwittingly came to mind) abruptly
ended with several benches forming a peaceful sitting area on the
edge of a cliff. Walking through a latchless gate, we followed
a narrow cliffside path to the obscured opening of a large limestone
cave. Alberto and I were greeted by the sudden whoosh of wings
as a resident owl was startled from his roost by our arrival. The
visit was merely a data-collection service call, with the added
duties of readjusting the solar panel to capture more sunlight,
replacing the foam box currently used for thermal insulation with
a foam-lined plastic flower pot, and clearing a somewhat precarious
pile of debris settled on a slope above the sensor. Among the rocks
were found the bones of some unfortunate creature, long past in
body, but perhaps not in spirit. Before leaving, Bob arranged the
remains of our new station guardian atop the flower pot housing
the sensor - a dire warning to any casual spelunkers considering
a playful bout of seismometer vandalism in passing.
The day ended with a long drive back to Grottaminarda,
with visions of vino rosso, a two course dinner, and a warm bed
awaiting at La Carina warming our chilled hearts. As long-term
residents of this small hotel in town, we've become adopted members
of the family who operates both the inn and the downstairs restaurant.
It comes as no surprise then that our departure at the end of the
month was promptly met with talk among all of a quick return. Perhaps
there truly is a reason why "ciao" can translate as both
goodbye and hello.
| Stations
Successfully Established to Date |
Legend:
RED triangles = installed stations.
YELLOW triangles = stations not yet deployed.
GREEN triangles = existing permanent Italian broadband stations.
WHITE INVERTED triangles = OBSs (Ocean Bottom Seismometers) to be deployed
from a ship in June. |
| Location |
Station Name |
Latitude (N) |
Longitude (E) |
| Grottaminarda |
GROM |
41.07273 |
15.05993 |
| Sant'Andrea di Conza |
SACO |
40.84334 |
15.37066 |
| Minervino |
SX11 |
41.06107 |
16.19686 |
| Pietragalla |
SX17 |
40.73606 |
15.84757 |
| Venosa |
VENO |
40.96443 |
15.82340 |
| San Giovanni a Piro |
SGIO |
40.04098 |
15.45745 |
| Cocozzello (Cosenza) |
CO22 |
39.49259 |
16.30505 |
| Capaccio Vecchio |
CAVE |
40.45000 |
15.00540 |
| San Marco la Catola |
SMLC |
41.51685 |
15.0076 |
| Montella |
MONT |
40.83333 |
15.03333 |
| Castel del monte |
CRB |
41.05000 |
16.25000 |
| Craco |
CRAC |
40.38333 |
16.43333 |
| Moccone |
MC2 |
39.34310 |
16.42497 |
| Tricarico |
TRIC |
40.61667 |
16.15000 |
| Silvana Mansio |
SILV |
39.29773 |
16.52368 |
| Savelli |
SAVE |
39.31181 |
16.78412 |
| Campana |
CAMP |
39.40778 |
16.83036 |
| Castellaneta |
ILCA |
40.61755 |
16.87718 |
| Altamonte |
ALTA |
39.68274 |
16.13013 |
| Polla |
POLA |
40.51038 |
15.48791 |
| Rocca Cilento |
RCCL |
40.29560 |
15.05512 |
| Piaggine |
PIAG |
40.34626 |
15.37719 |
| Picerno |
PICE |
40.62909 |
15.66850 |
This joint project involves researchers from
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO): Michael Steckler, Leonardo
Seeber, Arthur Lerner-Lam, and Maya Tolstoy; researchers from the
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV): Alessandro
Amato, Gianni B. Cimini, Claudio Chiarabba, Marco Cattaneo, and
President Enzo Boschi; and researchers from the Universita di Cosenza,
including Professor Ignazio Guerra. Support provided by the Continental
Dynamics Program of the US National Science Foundation. Additional
support provided by the NSF EAR Instrumentation and Facilities
program through IRIS, and the OCE MG&G program through the
OBS deployments and support of the OBSIP facility.
Additional collaborators include: Protezione
Civile (government agency and local volunteer networks); Comuni
(Town governments); Grottaminarda; Sant'Andrea di Conza; Montella
(Avellino); Venosa (Foggia); San Giovanni a Piro;
Craco (Matera).
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