#!/usr/bin/perl

#======================================================================

#                    M K P R O F I L E 

#                    doc: Sun Jan 19 18:55:26 2003

#                    (c) 2003 A.M. Thurnherr

#======================================================================

# Make an LADCP Profile by Integrating W (similar to Firing's scan*).

# HISTORY:

#	Jan 19, 2003: - written in order to test the RDI libs

#	Jan 20, 2003: - added ensemble number

#	Jan 21, 2003: - added horizontal integration

#	Jan 22, 2003: - corrected magnetic declination

#	Jan 23, 2003: - added -F)ilter

#	Jan 24, 2003: - added more %PARAMs; started integration from 1st bin

#				  - added -g, -f, battery status

#	Jan 25, 2003: - added more %PARAMs

#	Feb  1, 2003: - BUG: bottom-track quality checking was bad

#	Feb  8, 2003: - allowed for array-indices on -f

#	Feb  9, 2003: - added 50% goodvelbin

#				  - removed unknown-field err on -f to allow -f W

#	Feb 10, 2003: - changed initialization depth to 0m

#				  - changed %bottom_depth to %max_depth

#	Feb 11, 2003: - changed sign of magnetic declination

#	Feb 12, 2003: - corrected BT-range scaling

#	Feb 14, 2003: - added %pinging_hours, %min_range

#				  - removed magnetic declination from default

#	Feb 26, 2004: - added earth coordinates

#	Mar  3, 2004: - removed requirement for -M on !-Q

#				  - corrected range-stats on earth coordinates

#	Mar  4, 2004: - added number of ensebles to output

#	Mar 11, 2004: - BUG: rename ACD -> ADC

#	Mar 12, 2004: - added %bottom_xmit_{current|voltage}

#	Mar 16, 2004: - BUG: on -M u/v/x/y were wrong

#	Mar 17, 2004: - added error estimates on u/v/x/y

#				  - removed battery stuff (has to be done btw casts)

#	Mar 18, 2004: - totally re-did u/v integration

#	Mar 19, 2004: - re-designed u/v uncertainty estimation

#	Mar 28, 2004: - added MEAN_CORRELATION, MEAN_ECHO_AMPLITUDE

#	Sep 15, 2005: - changed BinRead library name

#				  - made max gap length variable

#	Sep 16, 2005: - re-did u,v,w uncertainties

#	Nov  8, 2005: - UNIXTIME => UNIX_TIME

#				  - added unix_time, secno, z_BT to default output

#	Dec  1, 2005: - moved profile-building code to [RDI_utils.pl]

#				  - changed -f syntax to allow name=FIELD

#				  - added %bin1_dist, %bin_length

#	Dec  8, 2005: - remove spaces from -f argument to allow multiline

#				    definitions in Makefiles

#	Nov 13, 2006: - BUG: end-of-cast depth had not been reported correctly

#				  - cosmetics

#	Nov 30, 2007: - adapted to 3-beam solutions

#	Dec 11, 2007: - adapted to earlier modifications (Sep 2007) of

#					[RDI_BB_Read.pl]

#	Dec 14, 2007: - replaced z by depth

#	Dec 17, 2007: - BUG: downcast flag was set incorrectly

#	Jan 24, 2008: - rotation had been output as degrees/s; to make it more

#				    consistent with pitch/roll, I changed it to simple degrees

#				  - added net rotations [deployment]/down/up/[recovery]

#	Apr  9, 2008: - added profile -B)ottom depth

#				  - BUG: depth of first bin was reported as beginning of cast

#	Oct 24, 2008: - added RANGE and RANGE_BINS fields

#	Mar 18, 2009: - BUG: pitch/roll calculation had typo

#				  - calc pitch/roll separately for down-/upcasts

#				  - removed approximations in pitch/roll calcs

#	Jul 30, 2009: - typo '<' removed from output

#				  - NaN => nan

# NOTES:

#	- the battery values are based on transmission voltages (different

#	  from battery voltages) and reported without units (raw 8-bit a2d

#	  values)

#	- -B with the CTD max depth can be used to linearly scale the depths;

#	  even so, the profile can have negative depths, in particular when

#	  the CTD is sent to a shallow depth first and then returned to the surface

#	  before beginning the cast

#	- in one case that I looked at (Anslope ][, cast 82), there are large

#	  depth errors, even when -B is used

#	- this utility works only approximately for uplookers (profile is

#	  roughly ok, but apparently contaminated by surface reflection,

#	  but stats are not ok; e.g. NBP0402 037U.prof)

$0 =~ m{(.*)/[^/]+}; 

require "$1/RDI_BB_Read.pl";

require "$1/RDI_Coords.pl";

require "$1/RDI_Utils.pl";

require "getopts.pl";

$USAGE = "$0 @ARGV";

die("Usage: $0 " .

	"[-A)nts] [-Q)uiet] [-F)ilter <script>] " .

	"[-s)uppress checkensemble()] " .

	"[require -4)-beam solutions] " .

	"[-r)ef-layer <bin|1,bin|6>] [-n) vels <min|2>] " .

	"[-e)rr-vel <max|0.1>] [-c)orrelation <min>] " .

	"[-m)ax <gap>] " .

	"[-d)rift <dx,dy>] [-g)ps <start lat,lon/end lat,lon>] " .

	"[output -f)ields <field[,...]> " .

	"[-M)agnetic <declination>] [profile -B)ottom <depth>] " .

	"<RDI file>\n")

		unless (&Getopts("4AB:F:M:Qd:r:n:e:c:g:f:m:s") && @ARGV == 1);

die("$0: -Q and -A are mutually exclusive\n")

	if ($opt_Q && $opt_A);

$RDI_Coords::minValidVels = 4 if ($opt_4);			# no 3-beam solutions

require $opt_F if defined($opt_F);					# load filter

$opt_r = "1,6" 	unless defined($opt_r);				# defaults

$opt_n = 2	   	unless defined($opt_n);

$opt_e = 0.1   	unless defined($opt_e);

$opt_c = 70	   	unless defined($opt_c);

$opt_m = 120	unless defined($opt_m);

($minb,$maxb) = split(',',$opt_r);					# reference layer

die("$0: can't decode -r $opt_r\n") unless defined($maxb);

if ($opt_g) {										# GPS info

	($s_lat,$s_lon,$e_lat,$e_lon) = gps_to_deg($opt_g);

	$lat = $s_lat/2 + $e_lat/2;

	$lon = $s_lon/2 + $e_lon/2;

	$ddx = dist($lat,$s_lon,$lat,$e_lon);

	$ddy = dist($s_lat,$lon,$e_lat,$lon);

}

if ($opt_d) {										# ship drift

	($ddx,$ddy) = split(',',$opt_d);

	die("$0: can't decode -d $opt_d\n") unless defined($ddy);

}

print(STDERR "Reading $ARGV[0]...");				# read data

readData($ARGV[0],\%dta);

print(STDERR "done\n");

die("$ARGV[0]: not enough bins for choice of -r\n")	# enough bins?

	unless ($dta{N_BINS} >= $maxb);

if ($dta{BEAM_COORDINATES}) {						# coords used

	$beamCoords = 1;

} elsif (!$dta{EARTH_COORDINATES}) {

	die("$ARGV[0]: only beam and earth coordinates implemented so far\n");

}

if (defined($opt_M)) {								# magnetic declination

	$dta{HEADING_BIAS} = -1*$opt_M;

} else {

	$dta{HEADING_BIAS} = 0;

}

ensure_BT_RANGE(\%dta);								# calc if missing

if ($opt_f) {										# additional fields

	@f = split(',',$opt_f);

	foreach $f (@f) {

		$f =~ s/\s//g;								# remove spaces

		@def = split('=',$f);

		if (@def == 2) {							# name=field

			$addFields .= " {$def[0]}";

			$f = $def[1];

		} else {									# field

			$addFields .= " {$f}";

		}

	}

#	print(STDERR "addFields = $addFields\n");

#	print(STDERR "\@f = @f\n");

}

#======================================================================

# Misc funs used to decode options

#======================================================================

sub dist($$$$)										# distance

{

	my($lat1,$lon1,$lat2,$lon2) = @_;

	my($a) = 6378139; 								# Earth's radius

	$lat1 = rad($lat1); $lon1 = rad($lon1);

	$lat2 = rad($lat2); $lon2 = rad($lon2);

	$ct1 = cos($lat1); $st1 = sin($lat1); $cp1 = cos($lon1);

	$sp1 = sin($lon1); $ct2 = cos($lat2); $st2 = sin($lat2);

	$cp2 = cos($lon2); $sp2 = sin($lon2);

	$cos = $ct1*$cp1*$ct2*$cp2 + $ct1*$sp1*$ct2*$sp2 + $st1*$st2;

	$cos =  1 if ($cos >  1);

	$cos = -1 if ($cos < -1);

	return $a * acos($cos);

}

sub deg_to_dec($)									# parse degrees

{

	my($deg,$min) = split(':',$_[0]);

	return $deg + $min/60;

}

sub gps_to_deg($)									# decode lat/lon

{

	my($start,$end) = split('/',$_[0]);

	my($sa,$so,$ea,$eo);

	my($lat,$lon) = split(',',$start);

	if ($lat =~ m{N$}) 		{ $sa =  deg_to_dec($`); }

	elsif ($lat =~ m{S$}) 	{ $sa = -deg_to_dec($`); }

	else 					{ $sa = $lat; }

	if ($lon =~ m{E$}) 		{ $so =  deg_to_dec($`); }

	elsif ($lon =~ m{W$}) 	{ $so = -deg_to_dec($`); }

	else 					{ $so = $lon; }

	my($lat,$lon) = split(',',$end);

	if ($lat =~ m{N$}) 		{ $ea =  deg_to_dec($`); }

	elsif ($lat =~ m{S$}) 	{ $ea = -deg_to_dec($`); }

	else 					{ $ea = $lat; }

	if ($lon =~ m{E$}) 		{ $eo =  deg_to_dec($`); }

	elsif ($lon =~ m{W$}) 	{ $eo = -deg_to_dec($`); }

	else 					{ $eo = $lon; }

	return ($sa,$so,$ea,$eo);

}

#======================================================================

# Step 1: Integrate w & determine water depth 

#======================================================================

($firstgood,$lastgood,$atbottom,$w_gap_time,$zErr,$maxz) =

	mk_prof(\%dta,!$opt_s,$opt_F,$minb,$maxb,$opt_c,$opt_e,$opt_m);

if (defined($opt_B)) {										# scale Z

	my($zscale) = $opt_B / ($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$atbottom]->{DEPTH} -# downcast

				     	    $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$firstgood]->{DEPTH});

#	printf(STDERR "scaling downcast depths by %.2f\n",$zscale);

	for (my($e)=$firstgood; $e<$atbottom; $e++) {

		next unless defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{DEPTH});

		$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{DEPTH} =

			$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$firstgood]->{DEPTH} + $zscale *

				($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{DEPTH}-$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$firstgood]->{DEPTH});

	}

	$zscale = $opt_B / ($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$atbottom]->{DEPTH} -	# upcast

				 		$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{DEPTH});

#	printf(STDERR "scaling upcast depths by %.2f\n",$zscale);

	for (my($e)=$atbottom; $e<=$lastgood; $e++) {

		next unless defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{DEPTH});

		$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{DEPTH} =

			$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$firstgood]->{DEPTH} + $zscale *

				($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{DEPTH}-$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{DEPTH});

	}

}

($water_depth,$sig_wd) =									# sea bed

	find_seabed(\%dta,$atbottom,$beamCoords);

#======================================================================

# Step 1a: determine alternate Z by using mean/sigma of w in gaps

#======================================================================

# This does not make much sense for w, because w is always very close

# to zero. It might make sense for u and v, though, and it would

# be more consistent with the way the displacement uncertainties are

# calculated. However, the way the profiles are calculated at the

# moment (using the last valid velocity across the gap) is probably

# closer to the truth in most cases.

#$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$firstgood]->{ALT_Z} = 0;

#$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$firstgood]->{ALT_Z_ERR} = 0;

#my($sumVar);

#for ($e=$firstgood+1; $e<=$lastgood; $e++) {

#	my($dt) = $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{UNIX_TIME} -

#			  $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e-1]->{UNIX_TIME};

#	$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{ALT_Z} =

#		$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e-1]->{ALT_Z} +

#		$dt * (defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e-1]->{W}) ?

#				$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e-1]->{W} : $meanW);

#	$sumVar += defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e-1]->{W}) ?

#				($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e-1]->{W_ERR} * $dt)**2 : ($dt**2)*$varW;

#	$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{ALT_Z_ERR} = sqrt($sumVar);

#}

#======================================================================

# Step 2: Integrate u & v

#======================================================================

sub ref_lr_uv($$$)									# calc ref-level u/v

{

	my($ens,$z,$water_depth) = @_;

	my($i,$n,@v,@goodU,@goodV);

	$water_depth = 99999 unless defined($water_depth);

	for ($i=$minb; $i<=$maxb; $i++) {

		next if ($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CORRELATION}[$i][0] < $opt_c ||

				 $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CORRELATION}[$i][1] < $opt_c ||

				 $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CORRELATION}[$i][2] < $opt_c ||

				 $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CORRELATION}[$i][3] < $opt_c);

		if ($beamCoords) {

			next if ($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{PERCENT_GOOD}[$i][0] < 100 ||

					 $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{PERCENT_GOOD}[$i][1] < 100 ||

					 $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{PERCENT_GOOD}[$i][2] < 100 ||

					 $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{PERCENT_GOOD}[$i][3] < 100);

			@v = velInstrumentToEarth(\%dta,$ens,

					velBeamToInstrument(\%dta,

						@{$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$i]}));

		} else {

			next if ($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{PERCENT_GOOD}[$i][0] > 0 ||

					 $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{PERCENT_GOOD}[$i][1] > 0 ||

					 $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{PERCENT_GOOD}[$i][2] > 0 ||

					 $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{PERCENT_GOOD}[$i][3] < 100);

			@v = velApplyHdgBias(\%dta,$ens,

					@{$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$i]});

		}

		next if (!defined($v[3]) || abs($v[3]) > $opt_e);

#		Martin's BT routines show strong shear just above sea bed

#		=> skip lowest 20m.

		if (defined($v[0])) {							# valid u,v

			if ($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{XDUCER_FACING_UP}) {

				if ($z - $dta{DISTANCE_TO_BIN1_CENTER}

					   - $i*$dta{BIN_LENGTH} > 0) {

					push(@goodU,$v[0]); push(@goodV,$v[1]);

					$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{U} += $v[0];

					$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{V} += $v[1];

					$n++;

			   }

			} else {

				if ($z + $dta{DISTANCE_TO_BIN1_CENTER}

					   + $i*$dta{BIN_LENGTH} < $water_depth-20) {

					push(@goodU,$v[0]); push(@goodV,$v[1]);

					$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{U} += $v[0];

					$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{V} += $v[1];

					$n++;

			   }

			}

		}

	}

	if ($n >= 2) {

		my(@sumsq) = (0,0);

		$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{U} /= $n;

		$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{V} /= $n;

		for ($i=0; $i<$n; $i++) {

			$sumsq[0] += ($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{U}-$goodU[$i])**2;

			$sumsq[1] += ($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{V}-$goodV[$i])**2;

		}

		$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{U_ERR} = sqrt($sumsq[0])/($n-1);

		$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{V_ERR} = sqrt($sumsq[1])/($n-1);

    } else {

		$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{U} = undef;

		$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{V} = undef;

    }    	

}

#----------------------------------------------------------------------

($x,$y) = (0,0);											# init

$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$firstgood]->{X} = $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$firstgood]->{X_ERR} = 0;

$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$firstgood]->{Y} = $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$firstgood]->{Y_ERR} = 0;

$prevgood = $firstgood;

for ($e=$firstgood+1; defined($opt_M)&&$e<=$lastgood; $e++) {

	#--------------------------------------------------

	# within profile: both $firstgood and $prevgood set

	#--------------------------------------------------

	ref_lr_uv($e,$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{DEPTH},$water_depth)	# instrument vel

		if (defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{W}));

	if (!defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{U})) {				# gap

		$uv_gap_time += $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{UNIX_TIME} -

				   		$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e-1]->{UNIX_TIME};

		next;

	}

	my($dt) = $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{UNIX_TIME} -			# time step since

			  $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$prevgood]->{UNIX_TIME};		# ...last good ens

	#-----------------------------------

	# The current ensemble has valid u/v

	#-----------------------------------

	$x -= $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$prevgood]->{U} * $dt;			# integrate

	$xErr += ($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$prevgood]->{U_ERR} * $dt)**2;

	$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{X} = $x;

	$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{X_ERR} = sqrt($xErr);

	$y -= $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$prevgood]->{V} * $dt;

	$yErr += ($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$prevgood]->{V_ERR} * $dt)**2;

	$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{Y} = $y;

	$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{Y_ERR} = sqrt($yErr);

	$prevgood = $e;

}

unless (defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{X})) {		# last is bad in u/v

	my($dt) = $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{UNIX_TIME} -		# time step since

			  $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$prevgood]->{UNIX_TIME};		# ...last good ens

	$x -= $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$prevgood]->{U} * $dt;			# integrate

	$xErr += ($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$prevgood]->{U_ERR} * $dt)**2;

	$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{X} = $x;

	$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{X_ERR} = sqrt($xErr);

	$y -= $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$prevgood]->{V} * $dt;

	$yErr += ($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$prevgood]->{V_ERR} * $dt)**2;

	$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{Y} = $y;

	$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{Y_ERR} = sqrt($yErr);

}

$firstgood++ if ($firstgood == 0);							# centered diff

$lastgood-- if ($lastgood == $#{$dta{ENSEMBLE}});			# in step 6

#======================================================================

# Step 3: Calculate Uncertainties

#======================================================================

# Time series of W_ERR indicate that errors are very large near the

# surface and near the sea bed, perhaps because of reflections.

# A reasonable estimate for typical uncertainty is therefore the mode

# of the std errors.

my(@histUErr,@histVErr,@histWErr);

my($histRez) = 1e-4;

for ($e=$firstgood; $e<=$lastgood; $e++) {

	$histWErr[int($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{W_ERR}/$histRez+0.5)]++

		if defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{W_ERR});

	$histUErr[int($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{U_ERR}/$histRez+0.5)]++

		if defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{U_ERR});

	$histVErr[int($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{V_ERR}/$histRez+0.5)]++

		if defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{V_ERR});

}	

my($max) = 0; my($mode);

for (my($i)=0; $i<=$#histWErr; $i++) {

	next if ($histWErr[$i] < $max);

	$max = $histWErr[$i]; $mode = $i;

}

$wErr = $mode * $histRez if defined($mode);

$max = 0; $mode = undef;

for (my($i)=0; $i<=$#histUErr; $i++) {

	next if ($histUErr[$i] < $max);

	$max = $histUErr[$i]; $mode = $i;

}

$uErr = $mode * $histRez if defined($mode);

$max = 0; $mode = undef;

for (my($i)=0; $i<=$#histVErr; $i++) {

	next if ($histVErr[$i] < $max);

	$max = $histVErr[$i]; $mode = $i;

}

$vErr = $mode * $histRez if defined($mode);

#print(STDERR "u: mu = $meanU / sigma = $uErr\n");

#print(STDERR "v: mu = $meanV / sigma = $vErr\n");

#print(STDERR "w: mu = $meanW / sigma = $wErr\n");

if (defined($opt_M)) {									# displacement errors

	$x_err = $uErr * $uv_gap_time + $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{X_ERR};

	$y_err = $vErr * $uv_gap_time + $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{Y_ERR};

}

$z_err = $wErr * $w_gap_time + $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{DEPTH_ERR};

#printf(STDERR "x_err = $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{X_ERR} + %g\n",

#				$uErr * $uv_gap_time);

#printf(STDERR "y_err = $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{Y_ERR} + %g\n",

#				$vErr * $uv_gap_time);

#printf(STDERR "z_err = $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$lastgood]->{DEPTH_ERR} + %g\n",

#				$wErr * $w_gap_time);

#======================================================================

# Step 4: Calculate Beam Range Stats

#======================================================================

my($min_good_bins) = 999;

my($worst_beam);

sub count_good_vels($)								# count good vels

{

	my($ens) = @_;

	my($good) = -1; my($this_worst_beam);

	if ($beamCoords) {

		for (my($i)=0; $i<$dta{N_BINS}; $i++) {

			for (my($b)=0; $b<4; $b++) {

				$good=$i,$this_worst_beam=$b,$nVels[$i][$b]++

					if defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$i][$b]);

			}

	    }

	} else {

		for (my($i)=0; $i<$dta{N_BINS}; $i++) {

			for (my($b)=0; $b<4; $b++) {

				$good=$i,$this_worst_beam=$b,$nVels[$i][$b]++

					if ($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CORRELATION}[$i][$b] >=

						$dta{MIN_CORRELATION});

			}

	    }

	}

	$min_good_ens=$ens, $min_good_bins=$good, $worst_beam=$this_worst_beam

		if ((!defined($water_depth) || 

			  $dta{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{DEPTH} < $water_depth-200)

			&& $good >= 0 && $good < $min_good_bins);

}

#----------------------------------------------------------------------

for ($e=$firstgood; $e<=$lastgood; $e++) {					# range

	my($i);

	for ($i=0; $i<$dta{N_BINS}; $i++) {

		last if (defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{VELOCITY}[$i][0]) +

				 defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{VELOCITY}[$i][1]) +

				 defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{VELOCITY}[$i][2]) +

				 defined($dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{VELOCITY}[$i][3]) < 3);

	}

	$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{RANGE_BINS} = $i;

	$dta{ENSEMBLE}[$e]->{RANGE} =