LADCP_w
author A.M. Thurnherr <athurnherr@yahoo.com>
Mon, 20 Apr 2015 14:04:04 +0000
changeset 28 b07b23485336
parent 27 2053d8de8d6b
child 29 c1ff35103176
permissions -rwxr-xr-x
after folding in EGU flight mods (empirical Sv correction)

#!/usr/bin/perl
#======================================================================
#                    L A D C P _ W 
#                    doc: Fri Dec 17 18:11:13 2010
#                    dlm: Mon Apr 20 14:01:10 2015
#                    (c) 2010 A.M. Thurnherr
#                    uE-Info: 167 78 NIL 0 0 72 2 2 4 NIL ofnI
#======================================================================

# TODO:
#	  detection so that editing stats make sense
#	- own seabed detection (P403)
#	- make upcast-flag valid for yoyo casts
#	- make diagnostic output 3-beam field work for Earth coordinates
#	- remove water-depth from BT code, which is not really used and a bit of an outlier
#	  because mean and stddev are used instead of median/mad
#	- read assumed ADCP soundspeed from data file, instead of assuming 1500m/s
#	? use instrument tilt in sidelobe editing?

$antsSummary = 'calculate vertical velocities from LADCP & CTD time series';
$antsMinLibVersion = 6.0;

# HISTORY:
#	Dec 17, 2010: - created from [mergeCTD+LADCP]
#	Dec 18, 2010: - made to work
#	Dec 19, 2010: - improved considerably
#	Dec 20, 2010: - onward
#				  - BUG: depth-binning was off by 1 bin?!
#				  - added binning correction for instrument tilt
#	Dec 21, 2010: - added -h (seafloor depth)
#	Dec 22, 2010: - BUG: had not applied soundspeed-correction to w
#				  - debugged opt_d
#	Dec 23, 2010: - continued implementation of soundspeed corrections
#	Dec 24, 2010: - added winch_w, wave_w
#				  - removed beampair velocities from code
#	Dec 25, 2010: - adapted for surface-wave correction in terms of acceleration (CTD_w_t)
#				  - removed elapsed_mismatch
#				  - removed winch_w, wave_w
#	Dec 26, 2010: - made -p output layout independent of -x to avoid Makefile problems
#	Dec 30, 2010: - cleaned up some
#				  - folded-in backscatter calculation from shear method
#				  - folded-in BT calculation from shear method
#	Dec 31, 2010: - added weighted mean w profile to output
#	Jan  2, 2010: - BUG: BT_w.mad could bomb with division by 0
#				  - BUG: division by zero if no valid data
#	Jan  5, 2010: - adapted to allow for gaps in CTD time series
#	Feb 16, 2011: - cosmetics
#	Jun 22, 2011: - cosmetics
#	Jun 23, 2011: - disabled error on large rms reflr w
#				  - added -l
#				  - removed CTD headers from output
#	Jun 26, 2011: - added -u
#				  - changed package correction from acceleration to velocity, because of
#					Stan's Antarctic data set where accelerations are zero but package effects are
#					there
#	Jul  2, 2011: - increased tilt default to 15 degrees
#	Jul  3, 2011: - replaced old package-velocity correction -x code by new beamvel correction
#				  - removed -p
#				  - replaced -d by residual (diagnostics) output
#	Jul  4, 2011: - saved a snapshot in [Jul_04_2011]
#				  - removed output of binned profile (but not calculation code, which is required for residual)
#				  - BUG: firstGoodEns or lastGoodEns could end up in a reflr_w gap when valid LADCP data begin
#						 or end with CTD in water
#				  - moved rarely used option -s to -k
#				  - added -s)kip <ens> option
#				  - had to very very slightly relax an assertion (by 1e-10 seconds...)
#	Aug  3, 2011: - added -z)ap to truncate range, based on Stan's 2009 data set (017-019 most clearly)
#				    obs that final 2 velocities are outliers; could be due to color bar, should check with
#					residuals
#	Sep 22, 2011: - removed (commented out) CTD acceleration
#				  - added basename to Parameter File Matching
#	Sep 23, 2011: - cosmetics (lots)
#				  - added -d)
#	Oct  6, 2011: - removed old commented-out code (CTD acceleration & old -x)
#				  - renamed time-series field names
#				  - added uncorrected reflr w to time-series output
#	Oct 10, 2011: - BUG: LADCP_w in .tds output had not been soundspeed corrected
#				  - removed -x
#				  - added "false-positives" editing filter
#	Oct 11, 2011: - adapted to the new parameter file, removing a few options
#	Oct 12, 2011: - added surface-layer editing
#				  - made %min/max_depth/elapsed more accurate
#	Oct 13, 2011: - fiddled
#	Oct 14, 2011: - renamed .prof fields from .N to .nsamp
#				  - added %output_basename
#				  - removed all ">" from open to allow use in pipelines
#				  - made <run-label> argument optional
#				  - replaced stdout output by $w_out
#				  - renamed _out to out_; output_basename to out_basename
#	Oct 15, 2011: - added editWOutliers()
#				  - added step to remove single-ping noise
#	Oct 16, 2011: - BUG: ensemble and bin numbers in output files were off by 1
#	Oct 17, 2011: - added default run label
#				  - added out_BR
#				  - BUG: closed STDOUT caused problems with tee in plotting scripts
#				  - added %run_label
#				  - added PostProcess.sh
#	Oct 18, 2011: - BUG: %{min,max}_ens used ensemble indices, rather than numbers
#				  - disabled false-positives editing (removes too much good data on 2011_IWISE)
#	Oct 19, 2011: - BUG: time-series output included ensembles without valid w
#				  - increased post-process sleep time to 30s
#				  - added corr, Sv and echo_amplitude as new fields to w output
#	Oct 20, 2011: - added editFarBins()
#				  - added downcast flag to time-series output
#				  - added ensemble number to LADCP-time-series output
#	Oct 21, 2011: - BUG: Sv code was not enabled for uplooker data
#	Oct 24, 2011: - added code to copy %lat/%lon from CTD data
#				  - added %ADCP_freuquency, %ADCP_blanking_distance
#				  - %LADCP_bin_length => %ADCP_bin_length
#	Oct 26, 2011: - added $first_guess_timelag
#	Oct 27, 2011: - added w12, w34, ww (pitch/roll-weighted average) to full output
#				  - removed ww because it apparently does not improve the solutions
#				  - moved editTilt() to after time-series calculation to allow
#				    time matching to work even with strict tilt limit
#				  - added correctAttitude()
#	May 22, 2012: - adapted to ANTS V5
#	Oct 15, 2012: - added $edit_data_hook
#				  - HG COMMIT
#				  - separated dc/uc time lagging
#				  - removed support for TLhist
#	Oct 16, 2012: - added support for dc/uc only solutions
#	Oct 17, 2012: - renamed $edit_data_hook to $post_merge_hook
#				  - HG COMMIT
#	Feb 13, 2013: - BUG: CTD_neg_press_offset did not work for CTD time series with -ve starting depth
#	Mar 23, 2013: - cosmetics
#				  - HG COMMIT
#	Apr 22, 2013: - removed opt_? variable aliases
#	May  8, 2013: - replaced default run label (default to profiles) to make more readable directory structure
#	May 14, 2013: - opt_m => w_max_lim
#				  - BUG: time-series output had two messed-up fields
#	May 15, 2013: - added w12 and w34 (2-beam solutions) to profile output
#	May 16, 2013: - added CTD_w_tt to time-series & all-sample outputs
#			      - -a => -d (CTD depth offset)
#				  - implemented pressure-sensor acceleration correction (-a)
#				  - added re-gridding of full profile after ping-coherent error removal
#	Jun  5, 2013: - renamed $discard_velocities_from_beam to $bad_beam
#				  - BUG: $bad_beam did not discard BT_VELOCITY data
#	Jun  6, 2013: - BUG: error message had -a instead of -d
#	Sep  5, 2013: - BUG: w12/w34 do not work for earth-coordinate data, of course
#	Apr 17, 2014: - BUG: edit_tilt was never called when all recorded bins are valid
#	Apr 21, 2014: - updated comments
#	May 19, 2014: - began adding support for PPI filtering
#	May 20, 2014: - changed volume_scattering_coeff to Sv in output
#				  - added editPPI()
#	Jul  6, 2014: - BUG: nan water depth had been interpreted as known
#				  - BUG: sVelProf[] was not allowed to have any gaps
#	Jul  9, 2014: - BUG: Jul 6 bug fixes had been applied to older
#				  		 version
#				  - BUG: code meant to ensure gap-free svel profiles did not work correctly
#	Jul 12, 2014: - finally made output files executable
#	Apr  5, 2015: - added check for required software
#				  - BUG: removed dc/uc mean w fields from .prof again
#	Apr  7, 2015: - made LADCP_w callable from installation directory
#				  - BUG: -v default was wrong in usage message
#				  - replaced 'ens' in output files by 'ensemble'
#	Apr 16, 2015: - turned output specifies into lists (re-design of
#					plotting sub-system)
#				  - removed 30s sleep from PostProcess.sh call
#				  - disabled active output when ANTS are not available
#				  - removed /bin/ksh requirement
#				  - BUG: error messages were not reported in the log file
#				  - made seabed detection code more flexible
#				  - made reference-layer w_ocean warning more severe
#				  - BUG: info() did not write anything into logfile when format string was used
#				  - BUG: LADCP_lastBin was set 1 too low
#	Apr 20, 2015: - improved comments
#				  - improved diagnostic messages (warning on missing CTD temp)
#				  - added support for empirical backscatter correction

# CTD REQUIREMENTS
#	- elapsed		elapsed seconds; see note below
#	- depth
#	- ss			sound speed
#	- w				ddepth/dt
#	- temp			OPTIONAL; used for backscatter calculation
#	- %lat/%lon		OPTIONAL

# 2-BEAM SOLUTIONS
#	- for beam-coordinate data, two separate two-beam solutions (w12 & w34) are calculated
#	- discrepancies can be indicative of package wake effects (e.g. MIXET data)
#	- for earth-coordinate data, w12 and w34 are simply copies of w

# NUMERICAL OPTIONS
#	- the first option in the list cannot be numerical!
#	- if need be, use -v 1 as a dummy option

# ELAPSED TIMES
#	- there are 2 different elapsed times used in this program:
#		1) elapsed based on firstgoodens in the LADCP time series
#		2) CTD elapsed time
#	- CTD elapsed time does not have to start with zero!
#	- do not use the Seabird elapsed field, which is only reported to
#	  3 significant digits, causing significant jitter in dt; however,
#	  at least up to 2010 Seabird simply calculates elapsed time by 
#	  assuming a 24Hz sampling rate and no record drop; therefore,
#	  it is best to calculate elapsed time as %RECNO/24
#	- the elapsed field of the output is the elapsed time from the CTD
#	  file; this is required in order to be able to compare the times
#	  from the uplooker and downlooker-derived vertical velocity
#	  profiles
#	- the .TL files use the LADCP elapsed time in output; as a result,
#	  the DL/UL .TL files have different time axes!
#	- as a result, a profile only starts with elapsed==0 if the CTD
#	  is turned on when the LADCP is already in the water

# BINNED-PROFILE OUTPUT NOTES
#	- residuals are calculated with respect to down-/upcast medians
#	- w12 and w34 2-beam solutions are reported without considering
#	  -k (min samples)
#	- equivalence, assuming -o 10:
#		1) 004DL.prof dc_w depth
#		2) bindata -Sdowncast:1 -Fw.median,depth -n 20 depth 10 004DL.w

# VELOCITY AMBIGUITY ERRORS
#	- quite extensive tests with DIMES US2 station 146, which has a lot of
#	  ambiguity velocity errors, reveal that -m 1 catches those errors
#	  quite nicely
#	- even when the errors are not filtered with -m 1, they do not
#	  affect the w profiles, as long as the median bin values are used

($ANTS) 	  = (`which ANTSlib`   =~ m{^(.*)/[^/]*$});
($ADCP_TOOLS) = (`which mkProfile` =~ m{^(.*)/[^/]*$});
($WCALC) 	  = ($0                =~ m{^(.*)/[^/]*$});
$WCALC = '.' if ($WCALC eq '');
$ANTS_TOOLS_AVAILABLE = (`which list` ne '');

die("$0: Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) required but not found (bad \$PATH?)\n")
	unless (`which psxy` ne '');
die("$0: ANTSlib required but not found (bad \$PATH?)\n")
	unless ($ANTS ne '');
die("$0: ADCP Tools required but not found (bad \$PATH?)\n")
	unless ($ADCP_TOOLS ne '');

require "$ANTS/ants.pl";
require "$ANTS/libstats.pl";
require "$WCALC/edit_data.pl";
require "$WCALC/time_series.pl";
require "$WCALC/time_lag.pl";
require "$WCALC/find_seabed.pl";
require "$WCALC/svel_corrections.pl";
require "$WCALC/acoustic_backscatter.pl";
require "$WCALC/bottom_tracking.pl";
require "$ADCP_TOOLS/RDI_BB_Read.pl";
require "$ADCP_TOOLS/RDI_Coords.pl";

use IO::Handle;

my($TINY) = 1e-16;

#------
# Usage
#------

@ARGS = @ARGV;														# save opts & arguments

$antsParseHeader = 0;
&antsUsage('3:4a:b:c:e:g:h:i:k:m:n:o:p:qs:t:uv:w:x:',1,
	'[-v)erbosity <level[2]>]',
	'[-q)uick (no single-ping denoising)]',
    '[require -4)-beam solutions] [apply beamvel-m)ask <file> if it exists]',
	'[valid LADCP -b)ins <bin[2],bin[*]>',
	'[-c)orrelation <min[70]>] [-t)ilt <max[10deg]> [-e)rr-vel <max[0.1m/s]>]',
	'[-h water <depth>]',
	'[max LADCP time-series -g)ap <length[60s]>]',
	'[offset CTD -d)epth <by[0m]>]',
	'[-i)nitial CTD time offset <guestimate> [-u)se as final]]',
	'[calculate -n) <lags,lags[10,100]>] [lag -w)indow <sz,sz[240s,20s]>] [lag-p)iece <CTD_elapsed_min|+[,...]>]',
	'[require top-3) lags to account for <frac[0.6]> of all]',
	'[pressure-sensor -a)cceleration correction <residual/CTD_w_tt>]',
	'[-o)utput bin <resolution[10m]>] [-k) require <min[20]> samples]',
	'[e-x)ecute <perl-expr>]',
	'<station-id> [run-label]');

&antsUsageError() if ($opt_u && !defined($opt_i));

&antsCardOpt(\$opt_s,0);											# skip # initial ensembles
$opt_p = '+' unless defined($opt_p);								# separate uc/dc time lagging

&antsFloatOpt(\$opt_a,1);											# pressure acceleration correction

$STN = &antsCardArg();												# station id
if (@ARGV) {														# run label
	$RUN = $ARGV[0];
	shift;
} else {
	$RUN = 'profiles';
}

#-----------------------------
# Handle Processing Parameters
#-----------------------------

require "$WCALC/defaults.pl";											# load default/option parameters
require "$processing_param_file";										# load processing parameters
eval($opt_x) if defined($opt_x);										# eval cmd-line expression to override anything

$RDI_Coords::minValidVels = 4 if ($opt_4);								# decode cmd-line arguments
($LADCP_firstBin,$LADCP_lastBin) = split(',',$opt_b);
	croak("$0: cannot decode -b $opt_b\n")
    	unless (numberp($LADCP_firstBin) &&
        	    ($LADCP_lastBin eq '*' || numberp($LADCP_lastBin)));
@number_of_timelag_windows = split(',',$opt_n);
	croak("$0: cannot decode -n $opt_n\n")
		unless numberp($number_of_timelag_windows[0]) && numberp($number_of_timelag_windows[1]);
@length_of_timelag_windows = split(',',$opt_w);
	croak("$0: cannot decode -w $opt_w\n")
		unless numberp($length_of_timelag_windows[0]) && numberp($length_of_timelag_windows[1]);


croak("$0: \$out_basename undefined\n")									# all plotting routines use this
	unless defined($out_basename);
&antsAddParams('out_basename',$out_basename);
&antsAddParams('run_label',$RUN);

#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Screen Logging
#	- warning levels:
#		0 probably unimportant, e.g. nonsensical parameters that probably won't affect solution
#		1 may be somewhat important
#		2 important
#----------------------------------------------------------------------

open(LOGF,">$out_log") || croak("$out_log: $!\n")
	if defined($out_log);
LOGF->autoflush(1);

sub progress(@)
{
	printf(LOGF @_) if defined($out_log);
	printf(STDERR @_) if ($opt_v > 1);
}

sub info(@)
{
	print(LOGF "\t"),printf(LOGF @_) if defined($out_log);
	print(STDERR ($opt_v > 1) ? "\t" : "$LADCP_file: ");
	printf(STDERR @_)  if ($opt_v > 0);
}
	
sub warning(@)
{
	my($lvl,@msg) = @_;

	if (defined($out_log)) {
		print(LOGF "\nWARNING (level $lvl): ");
		printf(LOGF @msg);
		print(LOGF "\n");
	}
	return if ($opt_v == 0);
	print(STDERR "\n") if ($opt_v > 1);
	print(STDERR "WARNING (level $lvl): ");
	printf(STDERR @msg);
	print(STDERR "\n") if ($opt_v > 1);
}

sub error($)
{
	print(LOGF "ABORT: @_") if defined($out_log);
	croak("ABORT: @_");
}

sub debugmsg(@)
{ printf(STDERR @_) if ($opt_v > 2); }

#----------------
# Read LADCP data
#----------------

progress("Reading LADCP data from <$LADCP_file>...\n");
readData($LADCP_file,\%LADCP);
progress("\t%d ensembles\n",scalar(@{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}}));

error("$LADCP_file: not enough LADCP bins ($LADCP{N_BINS}) for choice of -r\n")
	unless ($LADCP{N_BINS} >= $refLr_lastBin);

error("$0: first reference-layer bin outside valid range\n")
	unless ($refLr_firstBin>=1 && $refLr_firstBin<=$LADCP{N_BINS});
error("$0: last reference-layer bin outside valid range\n")
	unless ($refLr_lastBin>=1 && $refLr_lastBin<=$LADCP{N_BINS});
error("$0: first reference-layer bin > last reference-layer bin\n")
	unless ($refLr_firstBin <= $refLr_lastBin);

$LADCP_lastBin = $LADCP{N_BINS}
	if ($LADCP_lastBin eq '*');
error("$0: first valid LADCP bin outside valid range\n")
	unless ($LADCP_firstBin>=1 && $LADCP_firstBin<=$LADCP{N_BINS});
error("$0: last valid LADCP bin outside valid range\n")
	unless ($LADCP_lastBin>=1 && $LADCP_lastBin<=$LADCP{N_BINS});
error("$0: first valid LADCP bin > last valid LADCP bin\n")
	unless ($LADCP_firstBin <= $LADCP_lastBin);

warning(0,"first reference-layer bin < first valid LADCP bin\n")
	unless ($refLr_firstBin >= $LADCP_firstBin);
warning(0,"last reference-layer bin > last valid LADCP bin\n")
	unless ($refLr_lastBin <= $LADCP_lastBin);

warning(1,"if at all, bin 1 should not be used for short blank-after-transmit values\n")
	if ($LADCP{BLANKING_DISTANCE}<$LADCP{BIN_LENGTH} && $refLr_firstBin==1);

&antsAddParams('ADCP_bin_length',$LADCP{BIN_LENGTH},
			   'ADCP_frequency',$LADCP{BEAM_FREQUENCY},
			   'ADCP_blanking_distance',$LADCP{BLANKING_DISTANCE});

#------------------------------------------------------------
# Edit beam-velocity data
#	0) beam-vel mask on -m
#	1) correlation threshold
#------------------------------------------------------------

if ($LADCP{BEAM_COORDINATES}) {
	progress("Editing beam-velocity data...\n");
	
	if (defined($opt_m) && -r $opt_m) {
		progress("\tmasking beam velocities according to $opt_m:");

		my($nee) = 0;
		open(BVM,$opt_m) || die("$opt_m: $!\n");
		while (<BVM>) {
			s/#.*//;
			s/^\s*$//;
			next if ($_ eq '');
			my($fe,$te,$db) = split;
			die("$opt_m: cannot decode $_\n")
				unless (numberp($fe) && numberp($te) && $te>=$fe && $db>=1 && $db<=4);
			die("$0: assertion failed")
				unless ($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$fe-1]->{NUMBER} == $fe &&
						$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$te-1]->{NUMBER} == $te);
			for (my($ens)=$fe-1; $ens<=$te-1; $ens++) {
				$nee++;
				for (my($bin)=0; $bin<$LADCP{N_BINS}; $bin++) {
					undef($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$bin][$db-1]);
				}
			}
		}
		print(STDERR " $nee ensembles edited\n");
		close(BVM);
	}

	$nvv = $cte = 0;
	for ($ens=0; $ens<=$#{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}}; $ens++) {
		correctAttitude($ens,$pitch_bias,$roll_bias,$heading_bias);
		$nvv += countValidBeamVels($ens);
		$cte += editCorr($ens,$opt_c);
#		$pte += editTilt($ens,$opt_t);
	}
	error("$LADCP_file: no valid data\n") unless ($nvv > 0);
	progress("\tcorrelation threshold (-c %d counts): %d velocites removed (%d%% of total)\n",$opt_c,$cte,round(100*$cte/$nvv));
#	progress("\tattitude threshold (-t %d deg): %d velocites removed (%d%% of total)\n",$opt_t,$pte,round(100*$pte/$nvv));
} else {
	progress("Editing velocity data...\n");
	error("$LADCP_file: cannot apply beamvel-mask $opt_m to earth-coordinate data\n")
		if defined($opt_m);
	$nvv = $cte = 0;
	for ($ens=0; $ens<=$#{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}}; $ens++) {
		$nvv += countValidBeamVels($ens);
		$cte += editCorr_Earthcoords($ens,$opt_c);
#		$pte += editTilt($ens,$opt_t);
	}
	error("$LADCP_file: no valid data\n") unless ($nvv > 0);
	progress("\tcorrelation threshold (-c %d counts): %d velocites removed (%d%% of total)\n",$opt_c,$cte,round(100*$cte/$nvv));
#	progress("\tattitude threshold (-t %d deg): %d velocites removed (%d%% of total)\n",$opt_t,$pte,round(100*$pte/$nvv));
}

#-------------------------------------------------------------------
# Calculate earth velocities
#	- this is done for all bins (not just valid ones), to allow
#	  useless possibility that invalid bins are used for reflr calcs
#	- also calculate separate beam-pair velocities
#	- the UNEDITED velocities are saved for the BT calculations
#	  (W is required, U & V are only used for stats that have not
#	  been very useful so far)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------

if ($LADCP{BEAM_COORDINATES}) {
	my($dummy);
	progress("Calculating earth-coordinate velocities...\n");
	progress("\tdiscarding velocities from beam $bad_beam\n")
		if ($bad_beam);
	$nvw = 0;
	for ($ens=0; $ens<=$#{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}}; $ens++) {
		for (my($bin)=$LADCP_firstBin-1; $bin<=$LADCP_lastBin-1; $bin++) {
			if ($bad_beam) {
				undef($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$bin][$bad_beam-1]);
				undef($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{BT_VELOCITY}[$bin][$bad_beam-1]);
			}
			($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{U}[$bin],
			 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{V}[$bin],
			 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin],
			 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ERRVEL}[$bin]) =
				velInstrumentToEarth(\%LADCP,$ens,
					velBeamToInstrument(\%LADCP,
										@{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$bin]}));
			if (defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin])) {
				$per_bin_nsamp[$bin]++;
				$nvw++;
			}
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{GIMBAL_PITCH} =
			 	gimbal_pitch($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{PITCH},$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ROLL});
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{U_UNEDITED}[$bin] = $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{U}[$bin];
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{V_UNEDITED}[$bin] = $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{V}[$bin];
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W_UNEDITED}[$bin] = $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin];
			
			($dummy,$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W12}[$bin],
			 $dummy,$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W34}[$bin]) =
			 	velBeamToBPEarth(\%LADCP,$ens,@{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$bin]});
		}
	}
	progress("\t$nvw valid velocities in bins $LADCP_firstBin-$LADCP_lastBin\n");
	progress("\t3-beam solutions : $RDI_Coords::threeBeam_1 " .
								  "$RDI_Coords::threeBeam_2 " .
								  "$RDI_Coords::threeBeam_3 " .
								  "$RDI_Coords::threeBeam_4\n")
	    unless ($opt_4);
} else { # Earth Coordinates
	progress("Counting valid vertical velocities...\n");
	$nvw = 0;
	for ($ens=0; $ens<=$#{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}}; $ens++) {
		for (my($bin)=$LADCP_firstBin-1; $bin<=$LADCP_lastBin-1; $bin++) {
			($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{U}[$bin],
			 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{V}[$bin],
			 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin],
			 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ERRVEL}[$bin]) = @{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$bin]};
			if (defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin])) {
				$per_bin_nsamp[$bin]++;
				$nvw++;
			}
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{U_UNEDITED}[$bin] = $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{U}[$bin];
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{V_UNEDITED}[$bin] = $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{V}[$bin];
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W_UNEDITED}[$bin] = $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin];

			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W12}[$bin] = $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W34}[$bin] = $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin];
		}
	}
	progress("\t$nvw valid velocities in bins $LADCP_firstBin-$LADCP_lastBin\n");
}

error("$LADCP_file: insufficient valid velocities\n") unless ($nvw > 1000);

#----------------------------------------------
# STEP: Edit earth-coordinate -velocity data
#	1) error-velocity threshold
#	2) vertical-velocity outliers
#	3) truncate range by deleting farthest valid velocities (disbled by default)
#----------------------------------------------

progress("Editing earth-coordinate velocity data...\n");

$evrm = $trrm = $worm = 0;
for ($ens=0; $ens<=$#{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}}; $ens++) {
	$evrm += editErrVel($ens,$opt_e);
	$worm += editWOutliers($ens,$per_ens_outliers_mad_limit);
	$trrm += editTruncRange($ens,$truncate_farthest_valid_bins) if ($truncate_farthest_valid_bins > 0);
}
progress("\terror-velocity threshold (-e %.2f m/s): %d velocites removed (%d%% of total in bins $LADCP_firstBin-$LADCP_lastBin)\n",
	$opt_e,$evrm,round(100*$evrm/$nvw));
progress("\tvertical-velocity outliers ($per_ens_outliers_mad_limit x mad): %d velocites removed (%d%% of total in bins $LADCP_firstBin-$LADCP_lastBin)\n",
	$worm,round(100*$worm/$nvw));
progress("\trange truncation (-z %d bins): %d velocites removed (%d%% of total in bins $LADCP_firstBin-$LADCP_lastBin)\n",
	$truncate_farthest_valid_bins,$trrm,round(100*$trrm/$nvw))
		if ($truncate_farthest_valid_bins > 0);

#----------------------------
# Calculate LADCP time series
#----------------------------

progress("Calculating LADCP time-series...\n");

($firstGoodEns,$lastGoodEns,$LADCP_atbottom,$LADCP_w_gap_time) =
	calcLADCPts(\%LADCP,$opt_s,$refLr_firstBin,$refLr_lastBin,$opt_g);
error("$LADCP_file: no good ensembles\n")
	unless defined($firstGoodEns) && ($lastGoodEns-$firstGoodEns > 0);

my($cast_duration) = $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$lastGoodEns]->{ELAPSED} -
				     $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$firstGoodEns]->{ELAPSED};
error("$0: implausibly short cast ($cast_duration seconds)\n")
	unless ($cast_duration > 600);

$LADCP{MEAN_DT} = $cast_duration / ($lastGoodEns-$firstGoodEns-1);

progress("\tStart of cast     : %s (#%5d)\n",
					$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$firstGoodEns]->{TIME},
					$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$firstGoodEns]->{NUMBER});
progress("\tBottom of cast    : %s (#%5d) @ dz=%6dm\n",
					$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$LADCP_atbottom]->{TIME},
					$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$LADCP_atbottom]->{NUMBER},
					$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$LADCP_atbottom]->{DEPTH});
progress("\tEnd of cast       : %s (#%5d) @ dz=%6dm\n",
					$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$lastGoodEns]->{TIME},
					$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$lastGoodEns]->{NUMBER},
					$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$lastGoodEns]->{DEPTH});
progress("\tCast duration     : %.1f hours (pinging for %.1f hours)\n",
					$cast_duration / 3600,
					($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$#{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}}]->{UNIX_TIME} -
						$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[0]->{UNIX_TIME}) / 3600);
progress("\tMean ping interval: %.1f seconds\n",$LADCP{MEAN_DT});

if (@out_LADCPtis) {
	progress("Writing LADCP-timeseries to ");
	@antsNewLayout = ('ensemble','elapsed','reflr_w','reflr_w.stddev','reflr_w.nsamp','depth');
	
	foreach my $of (@out_LADCP) {
	    progress("<$of> ");
	    $of = ">$of" unless ($of =~ /^$|^\s*\|/);
		open(STDOUT,$of) || error("$of: $!\n");
		undef($antsActiveHeader) unless ($ANTS_TOOLS_AVAILABLE);
		for (my($ens)=$firstGoodEns; $ens<=$lastGoodEns; $ens++) {
			&antsOut($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{NUMBER},
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ELAPSED},
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W},
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W_STDDEV},
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W_NSAMP},
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{DEPTH});
		}
	    &antsOut('EOF'); open(STDOUT,'>&2');
	}
	progress("\n");
}

error("deepest depth is at end of cast (no upcast data)\n")
	if ($lastGoodEns-$LADCP_atbottom < 100);

#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# More editing
#	- this requires ${first,last}GoodEns to be known
#	- TILT field is set as a side-effect
#----------------------------------------------------------------------

progress("Editing additional earth-coordinate velocity data...\n");

my($first_bad_bin);
for (my($bin)=$LADCP_firstBin-1; $bin<$LADCP_lastBin-1; $bin++) {
	next unless ($per_bin_nsamp[$bin]/($lastGoodEns-$firstGoodEns) < $per_bin_valid_frac_lim);
	$first_bad_bin = $bin;
	last;
}

$fprm = $pte = 0;
for ($ens=0; $ens<=$#{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}}; $ens++) {
	$pte += editTilt($ens,$opt_t);
	$fprm += editFarBins($ens,$first_bad_bin) if defined($first_bad_bin);
}
progress("\tattitude threshold (max_tilt = %d deg): %d velocites removed (%d%% of total)\n",
	$opt_t,$pte,round(100*$pte/$nvv));
progress("\tvelocities beyond bin $first_bad_bin (<%d%% valid values): %d velocites removed (%d%% of total in bins $LADCP_firstBin-$LADCP_lastBin)\n",
	round(100*$per_bin_valid_frac_lim),$fprm,round(100*$fprm/$nvw));

#--------------
# Read CTD data
#--------------

progress("Reading CTD data from <$CTD_file>...\n");
open(STDIN,$CTD_file) || error("$CTD_file: $!\n");
error("$CTD_file: no data\n") unless (&antsIn());
undef($antsOldHeaders);

&antsAddParams('lat',$P{lat}) if defined($P{lat});
&antsAddParams('lon',$P{lon}) if defined($P{lon});

($CTD_elapsed,$CTD_depth,$CTD_svel,$CTD_w) = &fnr('elapsed','depth','ss','w');
$CTD_temp = &fnrNoErr('temp');
warning(2,"no CTD temperature --- using ADCP temperature instead => Sv degraded!\n",$s)
   unless defined($CTD_temp);

$CTD_maxdepth = -1;
do {																		# read data
	error("$0: cannot deal with non-numeric CTD elapsed time\n")
		unless &antsNumbers($CTD_elapsed);
	push(@{$CTD{ELAPSED}},$ants_[0][$CTD_elapsed]);
	push(@{$CTD{DEPTH}},  $ants_[0][$CTD_depth]);
	push(@{$CTD{SVEL}},   $ants_[0][$CTD_svel]);
	push(@{$CTD{W}},      $ants_[0][$CTD_w]);
	push(@{$CTD{TEMP}},	  $ants_[0][$CTD_temp]) if defined($CTD_temp);
	if ($ants_[0][$CTD_depth] > $CTD_maxdepth) {
		$CTD_maxdepth = $ants_[0][$CTD_depth];
		$CTD_atbottom = $#{$CTD{DEPTH}};
	}
} while (&antsIn());

$CTD{DT} = ($CTD{ELAPSED}[$#{$CTD{ELAPSED}}] - $CTD{ELAPSED}[0]) / $#{$CTD{ELAPSED}};
progress("\t%d scans at %.1fHz\n",scalar(@{$CTD{DEPTH}}),1/$CTD{DT});

$CTD{W_t}[0]  = $CTD{W_t} [@{$CTD{ELAPSED}}] = nan;							# calculate w-derivatives
$CTD{W_tt}[0] = $CTD{W_tt}[@{$CTD{ELAPSED}}] = nan;
for (my($s)=1; $s<@{$CTD{ELAPSED}}-1; $s++) {								# centered differences for both
	$CTD{W_t} [$s] = ($CTD{W}[$s+1] - $CTD{W}[$s-1]) / (2*$CTD{DT});
	$CTD{W_tt}[$s] = ($CTD{W}[$s+1] + $CTD{W}[$s-1] - 2*$CTD{W}[$s]) / $CTD{DT}**2;
}

error("$0: CTD start depth must be numeric\n")
	unless numberp($CTD{DEPTH}[0]);
if (($CTD{DEPTH}[0] < -$opt_d) && !defined($opt_d)) {
	$opt_d = -1 * round($CTD{DEPTH}[0]);
}
if ($opt_d > 0) {
	progress("\tadding $opt_d dbar offset to pressure data\n");
	for (my($i)=0; $i<@{$CTD{DEPTH}}; $i++) { $CTD{DEPTH}[$i] += $opt_d; }
	$CTD_maxdepth += $opt_d;
}

progress("\tstart depth = %.1fm\n",$CTD{DEPTH}[0]);
progress("\tmax depth   = %dm (# $CTD_atbottom)\n",$CTD_maxdepth);

#--------------------------------------------------------------------
# Construct sound-speed correction profile from CTD 1Hz downcast data
#	very simple algorithm that stores the last value found
#	in each 1m bin
# For PPI filtering, a sound speed profile without gaps is required.
#--------------------------------------------------------------------

progress("Constructing sound-speed correction profile\n");

my($scans_per_sec) = int(1/$CTD{DT}+0.5);
my($min_depth) = 9e99;
for (my($s)=0; $s<=$CTD_atbottom; $s+=$scans_per_sec) {
	next unless ($CTD{DEPTH}[$s] >= 0 && numberp($CTD{SVEL}[$s]));
	my($d) = int($CTD{DEPTH}[$s]);
	$min_depth = $d if ($d < $min_depth);
	$sVelProf[$d] = $CTD{SVEL}[$s];
}
while ($min_depth > 0) {													# fill surface gap
	$sVelProf[$min_depth-1] = $sVelProf[$min_depth];
	$min_depth--;
}
for (my($d)=$min_depth+1; $d<=$#sVelProf; $d++) {							# fill interior gaps
	$sVelProf[$d] = $sVelProf[$d-1]
		unless defined($sVelProf[$d]);
}
	

#-------------------
# Determine time lag
#-------------------

if (defined($opt_i)) {
	progress("Setting initial time lag...\n");
	$CTD{TIME_LAG} = $opt_i;
	progress("\t-i => elapsed(CTD) ~ elapsed(LADCP) + %.1fs\n",$CTD{TIME_LAG});
} else {
	progress("Guestimating time lag...\n");
	
	my($CTD_10pct_down) = 0;
	my($LADCP_10pct_down) = $firstGoodEns;

	$CTD_10pct_down++
		until ($CTD{DEPTH}[$CTD_10pct_down]-$CTD{DEPTH}[0] >= 0.1*($CTD_maxdepth-$CTD{DEPTH}[0]));
	$LADCP_10pct_down++
		until ($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$LADCP_10pct_down]->{DEPTH} >= 0.1*$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$LADCP_atbottom]->{DEPTH});

	$CTD{TIME_LAG} =
		$CTD{ELAPSED}[$CTD_10pct_down] - $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$LADCP_10pct_down]->{ELAPSED};

	progress("\telapsed(dz(CTD)=%.1fm) ~ elapsed(dz(LADCP)=%.1fm) + %.1fs\n",
	    $CTD{DEPTH}[$CTD_10pct_down]-$CTD{DEPTH}[0],$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$LADCP_10pct_down]->{DEPTH},$CTD{TIME_LAG});
}

if ($opt_u) {
	progress("\tskipping time lagging (-u)\n");
} else {

	#------------------------
	# stage 1: 1Hz; full cast
	#------------------------

	$CTD{TIME_LAG} =														
		calc_lag($number_of_timelag_windows[0],$length_of_timelag_windows[0],
				 int(1/$CTD{DT}+0.5),$firstGoodEns,$lastGoodEns);
	error("$0: Cannot proceed without valid lag!\n") unless defined($CTD{TIME_LAG});
	progress("\telapsed(CTD) ~ elapsed(LADCP) + %.2fs\n",$CTD{TIME_LAG});

	#---------------------------------
	# stage 2: piece-wise time lagging
	#---------------------------------

	my(@splits);
	push(@splits,$firstGoodEns);
	foreach my $s (split(/,/,$opt_p)) {
		if ($s eq '+') {
			push(@splits,$LADCP_atbottom);
		} elsif (numberp($s)) {												# find ens for given LADCP elapsed time in min
			my($ela) = $s*60;
			my($ens) = $firstGoodEns + round($ela / $LADCP{MEAN_DT});		# first, guess
			while ($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ELAPSED} > $ela) { $ens--; }	# then, correct
			while ($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ELAPSED} < $ela) { $ens++; }
			push(@splits,$ens);
		} else {
			warning(2,"ignoring non-numeric -p argument %s",$s);
		}
    }
	push(@splits,$lastGoodEns);

	my($valid_lag);															# determine piece-wise lags
	while (@splits > 1) {
		push(@CTD_tl_fromEns,$splits[0]);
		push(@CTD_tl_toEns,$splits[1]);
		my($lag) = calc_lag($number_of_timelag_windows[1],$length_of_timelag_windows[1],
							1,$splits[0],$splits[1]);
		debugmsg("lag($splits[0],$splits[1]) = $lag\n");									
		if (defined($lag)) {
			progress("\tcast-piece: elapsed(CTD) = elapsed(LADCP) + %.2fs\n",$lag);
			push(@CTD_time_lag,$lag);
			$valid_lag = $#CTD_time_lag;
		} else {
			progress("\tcast-piece: time-lagging failed\n");
			push(@CTD_time_lag,nan);
		}
		shift(@splits);
	}
			
	error("$0: Cannot proceed without at least one lag!\n")					# fill failed lag with surrounding data
		unless defined($valid_lag);
	while ($valid_lag < $#CTD_time_lag) {									# forward
		$CTD_time_lag[$valid_lag+1] = $CTD_time_lag[$valid_lag];
		$valid_lag++;
	}
	while ($valid_lag > 0) {												# backward
		$CTD_time_lag[$valid_lag-1] = $CTD_time_lag[$valid_lag]
			unless (numberp($CTD_time_lag[$valid_lag-1]));
		$valid_lag--;
	}
}

&antsAddParams('CTD_time_lags',"@CTD_time_lag");
undef($CTD{TIME_LAG}); 														# to avoid confusion, clear old 1Hz-based lag

#------------------------------------------------
# Merge CTD with LADCP data
#	- after this step, reflr w is sound-speed corrected!!!
#------------------------------------------------

progress("Merging CTD with LADCP data...\n");

my($cli) = 0;																	# current-lag index
my($lag) = $CTD_time_lag[$cli];													# current lag

for (my($skipped)=0,my($ens)=$firstGoodEns; $ens<=$lastGoodEns; $ens++) {

	if ($ens > $CTD_tl_toEns[$cli]) {											# use correct lag piece
		$cli++;
		die("assertion failed!\n\ttest: \$cli(=$cli) <= \$#CTD_time_lag\n")
			unless ($cli <= $#CTD_time_lag);
		$lag = $CTD_time_lag[$cli];
	}
	
	my($scan) = 
		int(($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ELAPSED} + $lag - $CTD{ELAPSED}[0]) / $CTD{DT} + 0.5);
	if ($scan <= 0) {	# NB: must be <=, rather than <, or assertion below sometimes fails
		$skipped++;
		$firstGoodEns = $ens+1;
		next;
	}
	if ($skipped > 0) {
		$firstGoodEns++,$skipped++,next											# in gap
			unless defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$firstGoodEns]->{REFLR_W});
		info("$skipped initial LADCP ensembles skipped because CTD data begin with LADCP in water\n");
		$skipped = 0;
	}
	if ($scan > $#{$CTD{ELAPSED}}) {
		while (!defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens-1]->{REFLR_W})) { $ens--; }		# in gap
		info(sprintf("%d final LADCP ensembles skipped because CTD data end with LADCP in water\n",
			$lastGoodEns-$ens+1));
		$lastGoodEns = $ens-1;
		last;
	}

	$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_ELAPSED} = $CTD{ELAPSED}[$scan];		# elapsed field for output

	if (defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W})						# not a gap
			&& numberp($CTD{DEPTH}[$scan])) {
		$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W_NOSSCORR} = $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W};				
	    $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W} *= $CTD{SVEL}[$scan]/1500; 	# correct for sound-speed variations at source
		error(sprintf("\n$0: negative depth (%.1fm) in CTD file at elapsed(CTD) = %.1fs (use -d?)\n",
			$CTD{DEPTH}[$scan],$CTD{ELAPSED}[$scan]))
				unless ($CTD{DEPTH}[$scan] >= 0);
		$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH} = $CTD{DEPTH}[$scan];
		$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN} = $scan;
		my($reflr_ocean_w) = $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W} - $CTD{W}[$scan];
		if (abs($reflr_ocean_w) <= $w_max_lim) {
			$sumWsq += &SQR($reflr_ocean_w);
			$nWsq++;
			if ($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH} > 100 &&
				$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH} < $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$LADCP_atbottom]->{CTD_DEPTH}-100) {
					$sumWsqI += &SQR($reflr_ocean_w);
					$nWsqI++;
	        }
	    } else {
	    	undef($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH});					# DON'T USE THIS ENSEMBLE LATER
	    }
	} else{
	    undef($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W});						# don't output in time-series file
	    undef($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH});						# old DEPTH from calcLADCPts() must be removed
	}
}
	
if ($nWsq > 0 && $nWsqI > 0) {
	&antsAddParams('rms_w_reflr_err',sqrt($sumWsq/$nWsq),'rms_w_reflr_err_interior',sqrt($sumWsqI/$nWsqI));
	progress("\t%.2f cm/s rms reference-layer w_ocean, %.2f cm/s away from boundaries\n",
						100*sqrt($sumWsq/$nWsq),100*sqrt($sumWsqI/$nWsqI));
	if (sqrt($sumWsqI/$nWsqI) > 0.05) {
		warning(1,"%.2f cm/s reference-layer w_ocean away from boundaries\n",100*sqrt($sumWsqI/$nWsqI));
	} elsif (sqrt($sumWsqI/$nWsqI) > 0.1) {
		warning(2,"%.2f cm/s reference-layer w_ocean away from boundaries\n",100*sqrt($sumWsqI/$nWsqI));
	}
#	error("$0: rms reference-layer w_ocean is too large\n")
#		unless (sqrt($sumWsqI/$nWsqI) < 0.07);
} elsif ($nWsq > 0) {
	&antsAddParams('rms_w_reflr_err',sqrt($sumWsq/$nWsq),'rms_w_reflr_err_interior',nan);
	progress("\t%.2f cm/s rms reference-layer w_ocean\n",100*sqrt($sumWsq/$nWsq));
} else {
	error("$0: no valid vertical velocities\n");
}

#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Calculate Volume Scattering Coefficients
#----------------------------------------------------------------------

progress("Calculating volume-scattering coefficients (Sv)...\n");
calc_backscatter_profs($firstGoodEns,$lastGoodEns);

progress("\tapplying empirical Sv correction\n");
correct_backscatter($firstGoodEns,$lastGoodEns);

#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Find Seabed & Edit data
#	1) contaminated by sidelobe reflection from seabed and sea surface
#	2) PPI 
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------

if ($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$LADCP_atbottom]->{XDUCER_FACING_DOWN}) {
	&antsAddParams('ADCP_orientation','downlooker');

	if (numberp($opt_h)) {
		progress("Setting water depth (-h)\n");
		$water_depth = $opt_h;
		$sig_water_depth = 0;
	} else {
		progress("Finding seabed...\n");
		($water_depth,$sig_water_depth) =
			find_backscatter_seabed($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$LADCP_atbottom]->{CTD_DEPTH});
		($water_depth_BT,$sig_water_depth_BT) =
			find_seabed(\%LADCP,$LADCP_atbottom,$LADCP{BEAM_COORDINATES});
		if (defined($water_depth) && defined($water_depth_BT)) {
			my($dd) = abs($water_depth_BT - $water_depth);
			warning(2,sprintf("Large instrument vs. backscatter-derived water-depth difference (%.1fm)\n",$dd))
				if ($dd > 5);
		}
		if (!$SS_use_BT && !defined($water_depth) && defined($water_depth_BT)) {
			warning(1,"using water_depth from ADCP BT data\n");
			$SS_use_BT = 1;
		}
		if ($SS_use_BT) {
			$water_depth = $water_depth_BT;
			$sig_water_depth = $sig_water_depth_BT;
		}
	}
	
	&antsAddParams('water_depth',$water_depth,'water_depth.sig',$sig_water_depth)
		if defined($water_depth);

	if (numberp($water_depth)) {
		if (numberp($water_depth_BT)) {
			progress("\t%.1f(%.1f) m water depth (%.1f(%.1f)m from ADCP BT data)\n",
				$water_depth,$sig_water_depth,$water_depth_BT,$sig_water_depth_BT);
		} else {
			progress("\t%.1f(%.1f) m water depth\n",$water_depth,$sig_water_depth);
		}
		warning(1,sprintf("large uncertainty in water-depth estimation (%.1fm)\n",$sig_water_depth))
			if ($sig_water_depth > $LADCP{BIN_LENGTH});

		progress("Editing data to remove sidelobe interference from seabed...\n");
		($nvrm,$nerm) = editSideLobes($firstGoodEns,$lastGoodEns,$water_depth);
		progress("\t$nvrm velocities from $nerm ensembles removed\n");

		if ($PPI_editing) {
			progress("Editing data to remove PPI from seabed...\n");
			  progress("\tConstructing depth-average soundspeed profile...\n");
			  die("assertion failed") unless numberp($water_depth);
			  my($dz) = $water_depth - $#sVelProf;							# $#sVelProf = max_depth(profile) in meters
			  my($sum) = $dz * $sVelProf[$#sVelProf];
			  $DASSprof[$#sVelProf] = $sum/$dz;
			  for (my($d)=$#sVelProf-1; $d>=0; $d--) {
			  	die("assertion failed (d=$d, #sVelProf=$#sVelProf)") unless numberp($sVelProf[$d]);
			  	$sum += $sVelProf[$d];
			  	$dz++;
				$DASSprof[$d] = $sum/$dz;
			  }
			($nvrm,$nerm) = editPPI($firstGoodEns,$lastGoodEns,$water_depth);
	        progress("\t$nvrm velocities from $nerm ensembles removed\n");
	    }
	} else {
		info("no seabed found --- cannot edit sidelobe or PPI\n");
	}
	
} else {
	&antsAddParams('ADCP_orientation','uplooker');

	progress("Editing data to remove sidelobe interference from sea surface...\n");
	($nvrm,$nerm) = editSideLobes($firstGoodEns,$lastGoodEns,undef);
	progress("\t$nvrm velocities from $nerm ensembles removed\n");

	if ($PPI_editing) {
		progress("Editing data to remove PPI from sea surface...\n");
		  progress("\tConstructing depth-average soundspeed profile...\n");
		  $DASSprof[0] = my($sum) = 0;
		  for (my($d)=1; $d<=$#sVelProf; $d++) {
		  	die("assertion failed") unless numberp($sVelProf[$d]);
		  	$sum += $sVelProf[$d];
			$DASSprof[$d] = $sum/$d;
		  }
		($nvrm,$nerm) = editPPI($firstGoodEns,$lastGoodEns,undef);
	    progress("\t$nvrm velocities from $nerm ensembles removed\n");
	}
}

#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Data Editing after LADCP and CTD data have been merged
#	1) surface layer editing
#	2) user-supplied $edit_data_hook
#----------------------------------------------------------------------

progress("Removing data from instrument at surface...\n");
$nerm = editSurfLayer($firstGoodEns,$lastGoodEns,$surface_layer_depth);
progress("\t$nerm ensembles removed\n");

if (defined($post_merge_hook)) {
	progress("Executing user-supplied \$post_merge_hook...\n");
	&{$post_merge_hook}($firstGoodEns,$lastGoodEns);
}

#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# apply pressure-sensor acceleration correction (-a)
#	- valid, but useless except for troubleshooting data sets (e.g. DIMES UK2)
#	- useless, because ping-coherent error removal below does same job but better
#	- it does not make sense to to use this with ping-coherent error removal enabled
#----------------------------------------------------------------------

if ($opt_a != 1) {
	progress("Applying pressure-sensor acceleration correction...\n");
	for ($ens=$firstGoodEns; $ens<=$lastGoodEns; $ens++) {
		next unless numberp($CTD{W_tt}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}]);
		my($acorr) = $opt_a * $CTD{W_tt}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}];
		if (numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH})) {
			for ($bin=$LADCP_firstBin-1; $bin<=$LADCP_lastBin-1; $bin++) {
				next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin]);
				$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin] -= $acorr;
	        }
	    }
		if (numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W})) {
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W} -= $acorr;
		}
	}
}

#---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Depth-bin LADCP velocity data
#
# NOTES:
#	1) ensemble and bin numbers are saved for maximum flexibility
#	2) only ensemble/bins with valid vertical velocities are saved
#	3) applying the full soundspeed correction to w is pointless in
#	   practice, but hey!, CPU cycles are cheap; [in a cast in the Gulf of Mexico
#	   which has fairly pronounce soundspeed gradients, the max value of Kn
#	   is 1.00004160558372, which gives rise to a correction of less than 0.2mm/s
#	   at a winch+wave speed of 3m/s....]
#	4) as far as I can tell, the soundspeed correction for bin length also
#	   has only a minute effect
#---------------------------------------------------------------------------

progress("Creating binned profiles at ${opt_o}m resolution...\n");

my($min_depth) = 9e99;
my($max_depth) = 0;

progress("\tdowncast...\n");
for ($ens=$firstGoodEns; $ens<$LADCP_atbottom; $ens++) {						# downcast
	unless (numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH})) {
		$firstGoodEns++ if ($ens == $firstGoodEns);								# start has been edited away
		next;
	}
	my(@bindepth) = calc_binDepths($ens);
	for ($bin=$LADCP_firstBin-1; $bin<=$LADCP_lastBin-1; $bin++) {
		next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin]);
		$min_depth = $bindepth[$bin] if ($bindepth[$bin] < $min_depth);
		$max_depth = $bindepth[$bin] if ($bindepth[$bin] > $max_depth);
		$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin] =
			sscorr_w($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin],
					 $CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH},
					 $bindepth[$bin]);
		$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W12}[$bin] =
			sscorr_w($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W12}[$bin],
					 $CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH},
					 $bindepth[$bin])
				if numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W12}[$bin]);
		$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W34}[$bin] =
			sscorr_w($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W34}[$bin],
					 $CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH},
					 $bindepth[$bin])
				if numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W34}[$bin]);
		$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_W}[$bin] =
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin] + $CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}];
		my($bi) = $bindepth[$bin]/$opt_o;
		push(@{$DNCAST{ENSEMBLE}[$bi]},$ens);
		push(@{$DNCAST{ELAPSED}[$bi]},$CTD{ELAPSED}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}]);
		push(@{$DNCAST{CTD_W}[$bi]},$CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}]);
		push(@{$DNCAST{CTD_W_tt}[$bi]},$CTD{W_tt}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}]);
		push(@{$DNCAST{BIN}[$bi]},$bin);
		push(@{$DNCAST{DEPTH}[$bi]},$bindepth[$bin]);
		push(@{$DNCAST{W}[$bi]},$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin]);
		push(@{$DNCAST{W12}[$bi]},$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W12}[$bin]);
		push(@{$DNCAST{W34}[$bi]},$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W34}[$bin]);
	}
}

for (my($bi)=0; $bi<=$#{$DNCAST{ENSEMBLE}}; $bi++) {							# bin data into profile
	$DNCAST{MEAN_DEPTH}[$bi]  	= avg(@{$DNCAST{DEPTH}[$bi]});
	$DNCAST{MEAN_ELAPSED}[$bi]	= avg(@{$DNCAST{ELAPSED}[$bi]});
	$DNCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi] 	  	= median(@{$DNCAST{W}[$bi]});
	$DNCAST{MEDIAN_W12}[$bi]  	= median(@{$DNCAST{W12}[$bi]});
	$DNCAST{MEDIAN_W34}[$bi]  	= median(@{$DNCAST{W34}[$bi]});
	$DNCAST{MAD_W}[$bi]		  	= mad2($DNCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi],@{$DNCAST{W}[$bi]});
	$DNCAST{N_SAMP}[$bi]		= @{$DNCAST{W}[$bi]};
}

progress("\tupcast...\n");														# upcast

my($realLastGoodEns);
for ($ens=$LADCP_atbottom; $ens<=$lastGoodEns; $ens++) {		
	next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH});
	$realLastGoodEns = $ens;
	my(@bindepth) = calc_binDepths($ens);
	for ($bin=$LADCP_firstBin-1; $bin<=$LADCP_lastBin-1; $bin++) {
		next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin]);
		$min_depth = $bindepth[$bin] if ($bindepth[$bin] < $min_depth);
		$max_depth = $bindepth[$bin] if ($bindepth[$bin] > $max_depth);
		$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin] =
			sscorr_w($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin],
					 $CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH},
					 $bindepth[$bin]);
		$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W12}[$bin] =
			sscorr_w($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W12}[$bin],
					 $CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH},
					 $bindepth[$bin])
				if numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W12}[$bin]);
		$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W34}[$bin] =
			sscorr_w($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W34}[$bin],
					 $CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH},
					 $bindepth[$bin])
				if numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W34}[$bin]);
		$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_W}[$bin] =
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin] + $CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}];
		my($bi) = $bindepth[$bin]/$opt_o;
		push(@{$UPCAST{ENSEMBLE}[$bi]},$ens);
		push(@{$UPCAST{ELAPSED}[$bi]},$CTD{ELAPSED}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}]);
		push(@{$UPCAST{CTD_W}[$bi]},$CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}]);
		push(@{$UPCAST{CTD_W_tt}[$bi]},$CTD{W_tt}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}]);
		push(@{$UPCAST{BIN}[$bi]},$bin);
		push(@{$UPCAST{DEPTH}[$bi]},$bindepth[$bin]);
		push(@{$UPCAST{W}[$bi]},$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin]);
		push(@{$UPCAST{W12}[$bi]},$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W12}[$bin]);
		push(@{$UPCAST{W34}[$bi]},$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W34}[$bin]);
	}
}

for (my($bi)=0; $bi<=$#{$UPCAST{ENSEMBLE}}; $bi++) {
	$UPCAST{MEAN_DEPTH}[$bi]  	= avg(@{$UPCAST{DEPTH}[$bi]});
	$UPCAST{MEAN_ELAPSED}[$bi]	= avg(@{$UPCAST{ELAPSED}[$bi]});
	$UPCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi] 	  	= median(@{$UPCAST{W}[$bi]});
	$UPCAST{MEDIAN_W12}[$bi]  	= median(@{$UPCAST{W12}[$bi]});
	$UPCAST{MEDIAN_W34}[$bi]  	= median(@{$UPCAST{W34}[$bi]});
	$UPCAST{MAD_W}[$bi]		  	= mad2($UPCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi],@{$UPCAST{W}[$bi]});
	$UPCAST{N_SAMP}[$bi]		= @{$UPCAST{W}[$bi]};
}

&antsAddParams('min_depth',$min_depth,'max_depth',$max_depth,					# plot range limits
			   'min_ens',$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$firstGoodEns]->{NUMBER},
			   'max_ens',$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$realLastGoodEns]->{NUMBER},
			   'min_elapsed',$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$firstGoodEns]->{CTD_ELAPSED},
			   'max_elapsed',$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$realLastGoodEns]->{CTD_ELAPSED});

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# remove ping-coherent errors
#	- error sources:
#		1) acceleration-dependence of Paroscientific pressure measurements; O(10cm/s) [IWISE 28]
#		2) residual CTD/LADCP mismatch errors; O(1cm/s) [Thurnherr, CWTMC 2011]
#		3) ADCP short-term variability; O(1cm/s) for vertical?
#	- two steps:
#		- remove ensemble-median residual from all ocean vertical velocities
#		- re-bin profiles
#		- calculate new residuals
#	- improves solution but can introduce errors in ensembles with strong outliers => median instead of
#	  mean, and outlier filter above
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

unless ($opt_q) {
	progress("Removing ping-coherent errors...\n");
	
	for ($ens=$firstGoodEns; $ens<=$lastGoodEns; $ens++) {
		next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH});

		my(@residuals) = ();												# calc median of residuals
		my(@bindepth) = calc_binDepths($ens);
		for ($bin=$LADCP_firstBin-1; $bin<=$LADCP_lastBin-1; $bin++) {
			next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin]);
			my($bi) = $bindepth[$bin]/$opt_o;
			push(@residuals,
				$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin] -
					(($ens < $LADCP_atbottom) ? $DNCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi]
											  : $UPCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi]));
		}
		$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{MEDIAN_RESIDUAL_W} = median(@residuals);	# NB: can be nan!
		
		for ($bin=$LADCP_firstBin-1; $bin<=$LADCP_lastBin-1; $bin++) {		# remove from ocean velocities
			next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin]);			# also ensures that MEDIAN_RESIDUAL_W is not nan
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin] -=
				$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{MEDIAN_RESIDUAL_W};
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W12}[$bin] -=
				$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{MEDIAN_RESIDUAL_W}
					if numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W12}[$bin]);
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W34}[$bin] -=
				$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{MEDIAN_RESIDUAL_W}
					if numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W34}[$bin]);
		}
		
		$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W} -=								# reflr_ocean_w is calculated below
			$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{MEDIAN_RESIDUAL_W}						# NB: this can be set to nan here
				if numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W})
    }

	#------------------------------------------------------------

    progress("\tre-binning profile data...\n");
    
	for (my($bi)=0; $bi<=$#{$DNCAST{ENSEMBLE}}; $bi++) {					# bin data
		for (my($i)=0; $i<@{$DNCAST{W}[$bi]}; $i++) {
			$DNCAST{W}  [$bi][$i] -= $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$DNCAST{ENSEMBLE}[$bi][$i]]->{MEDIAN_RESIDUAL_W};
			$DNCAST{W12}[$bi][$i] -= $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$DNCAST{ENSEMBLE}[$bi][$i]]->{MEDIAN_RESIDUAL_W};
			$DNCAST{W34}[$bi][$i] -= $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$DNCAST{ENSEMBLE}[$bi][$i]]->{MEDIAN_RESIDUAL_W};
		}
		$DNCAST{MEDIAN_W}  [$bi] = median(@{$DNCAST{W}[$bi]});
		$DNCAST{MEDIAN_W12}[$bi] = median(@{$DNCAST{W12}[$bi]});
		$DNCAST{MEDIAN_W34}[$bi] = median(@{$DNCAST{W34}[$bi]});
		$DNCAST{MAD_W}	   [$bi] = mad2($DNCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi],@{$DNCAST{W}[$bi]});
	}
	for (my($bi)=0; $bi<=$#{$UPCAST{ENSEMBLE}}; $bi++) {
		for (my($i)=0; $i<@{$UPCAST{W}[$bi]}; $i++) {
			$UPCAST{W}  [$bi][$i] -= $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$UPCAST{ENSEMBLE}[$bi][$i]]->{MEDIAN_RESIDUAL_W};
			$UPCAST{W12}[$bi][$i] -= $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$UPCAST{ENSEMBLE}[$bi][$i]]->{MEDIAN_RESIDUAL_W};
			$UPCAST{W34}[$bi][$i] -= $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$UPCAST{ENSEMBLE}[$bi][$i]]->{MEDIAN_RESIDUAL_W};
		}
		$UPCAST{MEDIAN_W}  [$bi] = median(@{$UPCAST{W}[$bi]});
		$UPCAST{MEDIAN_W12}[$bi] = median(@{$UPCAST{W12}[$bi]});
		$UPCAST{MEDIAN_W34}[$bi] = median(@{$UPCAST{W34}[$bi]});
		$UPCAST{MAD_W}	   [$bi] = mad2($UPCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi],@{$UPCAST{W}[$bi]});
	}

} # unless ($opt_q);

#-------------------------
# Output Per-Bin Resiudals
#-------------------------

if (@out_BR) {
	my(@dc_nres,@uc_nres,@dc_bres,@uc_bres);

	progress("Writing per-bin residual data to ");

	for ($ens=$firstGoodEns; $ens<$LADCP_atbottom; $ens++) {						# downcast
		next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH});
		my(@bindepth) = calc_binDepths($ens);
		for ($bin=$LADCP_firstBin-1; $bin<=$LADCP_lastBin-1; $bin++) {
			next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin]);
			push(@{$dc_bres[$bin]},
					$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin]
					- $DNCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bindepth[$bin]/$opt_o]);
		}
	}
	for ($ens=$LADCP_atbottom; $ens<=$realLastGoodEns; $ens++) {					# upcast 
		next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH});
		my(@bindepth) = calc_binDepths($ens);
		for ($bin=$LADCP_firstBin-1; $bin<=$LADCP_lastBin-1; $bin++) {
			next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin]);
			push(@{$uc_bres[$bin]},
					$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin]
					- $UPCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bindepth[$bin]/$opt_o]);
		}
	}

	my($saveParams) = $antsCurParams;
	@antsNewLayout = ('bin','dc_residual','dc_residual.sig','dc_residual.nsamp',
						   ,'uc_residual','uc_residual.sig','uc_residual.nsamp');
	&antsAddParams('BR_max_bin',max(scalar(@dc_bres),scalar(@uc_bres)));

	foreach my $of (@out_BR) {
	    progress("<$of> ");
	    $of = ">$of" unless ($of =~ /^$|^\s*\|/);
		open(STDOUT,$of) || error("$of: $!\n");
		undef($antsActiveHeader) unless ($ANTS_TOOLS_AVAILABLE);
		for (my($bin)=0; $bin<max(scalar(@dc_bres),scalar(@uc_bres)); $bin++) {
			my($dc_avg) = avg(@{$dc_bres[$bin]});
			my($uc_avg) = avg(@{$uc_bres[$bin]});
			&antsOut($bin+1,$dc_avg,stddev2($dc_avg,@{$dc_bres[$bin]}),scalar(@{$dc_bres[$bin]}),
							$uc_avg,stddev2($uc_avg,@{$uc_bres[$bin]}),scalar(@{$uc_bres[$bin]}));
		}
	    &antsOut('EOF'); open(STDOUT,">&2");
	}
	$antsCurParams = $saveParams;
	progress("\n");
}

#--------------------------------------------------
# Calculate BT-referenced vertical-velocity profile
#--------------------------------------------------

if (defined($water_depth)) {
	progress("Calculating BT-referenced vertical velocities\n");
	calc_BTprof($firstGoodEns,$realLastGoodEns,$water_depth,$sig_water_depth);

	my($sumSq) = my($n) = 0;
	for (my($bi)=0; $bi<=$#{$BT{MEDIAN_W}}; $bi++) {
		next unless defined($BT{MEDIAN_W}[$bi]);
		next unless ($BT{N_SAMP}[$bi]>=$opt_k && $DNCAST{N_SAMP}[$bi]>=$opt_k && $UPCAST{N_SAMP}[$bi]>=$opt_k);
		$sumSq += ($BT{MEDIAN_W}[$bi] - $DNCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi]/2 - $UPCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi]/2)**2;
		$n++;
	}
	if ($n > 0) {
		my($rms) = round(sqrt($sumSq/$n),0.001);
		&antsAddParams('BT_rms_w_discrepancy',$rms);
		progress("\t$rms m/s rms vertical-velocity discrepancy\n");
	}
}

#------------------------
# output all samples (-w)
#------------------------

# NB: residual field is calculated with respect to down-/upcast medians in -o-size bins

if (@out_w) {
	progress("Writing vertical-velocity data to ");
	@antsNewLayout = ('ensemble','bin','elapsed','depth','CTD_depth','downcast',
					  'w','w12','w34','residual','CTD_w','CTD_w_tt','LADCP_w','errvel',
					  'correlation','echo_amplitude','Sv',
					  'pitch','roll','tilt','heading','3_beam','svel');

	foreach my $of (@out_w) {
	    progress("<$of> ");
	    $of = ">$of" unless ($of =~ /^$|^\s*\|/);
		open(STDOUT,$of) || error("$of: $!\n");
		undef($antsActiveHeader) unless ($ANTS_TOOLS_AVAILABLE);
	    
		for ($ens=$firstGoodEns; $ens<$LADCP_atbottom; $ens++) {						# downcast
		  next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH});
		  my(@bindepth) = calc_binDepths($ens);
		  for ($bin=$LADCP_firstBin-1; $bin<=$LADCP_lastBin-1; $bin++) {
			  next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin]);
			  my($bi) = $bindepth[$bin]/$opt_o;
			  &antsOut(
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{NUMBER},$bin+1,
				  $CTD{ELAPSED}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
				  $bindepth[$bin],$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH},1,
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin],
				  $LADCP{BEAM_COORDINATES} ? $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W12}[$bin] : nan,
				  $LADCP{BEAM_COORDINATES} ? $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W34}[$bin] : nan,
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin] - $DNCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi],
				  $CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
				  $CTD{W_tt}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_W}[$bin],
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ERRVEL}[$bin],
				  median(@{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CORRELATION}[$bin]}),
				  median(@{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ECHO_AMPLITUDE}[$bin]}),
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SV}[$bin],
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{PITCH},
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ROLL},
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{TILT},
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{HEADING},
				  (defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$bin][0]) +			  # only works for beam coords
				   defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$bin][1]) +
				   defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$bin][2]) +
				   defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$bin][3])) < 4 ? 1 : 0,
				  $CTD{SVEL}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
			  );
		  } # for $bin
		} # for $ens
	  
		for ($ens=$LADCP_atbottom; $ens<=$realLastGoodEns; $ens++) {					  # upcast 
		  next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH});
		  my(@bindepth) = calc_binDepths($ens);
		  for ($bin=$LADCP_firstBin-1; $bin<=$LADCP_lastBin-1; $bin++) {
			  next unless numberp($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{W}[$bin]);
			  my($bi) = $bindepth[$bin]/$opt_o;
			  &antsOut(
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{NUMBER},$bin+1,
				  $CTD{ELAPSED}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
				  $bindepth[$bin],$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH},0,
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin],
				  $LADCP{BEAM_COORDINATES} ? $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W12}[$bin] : nan,
				  $LADCP{BEAM_COORDINATES} ? $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W34}[$bin] : nan,
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_OCEAN_W}[$bin] - $UPCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi],
				  $CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
				  $CTD{W_tt}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SSCORRECTED_W}[$bin],
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ERRVEL}[$bin],
				  median(@{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CORRELATION}[$bin]}),
				  median(@{$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ECHO_AMPLITUDE}[$bin]}),
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{SV}[$bin],
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{PITCH},
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ROLL},
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{TILT},
				  $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{HEADING},
				  (defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$bin][0]) +			  # only works for beam coords
				   defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$bin][1]) +
				   defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$bin][2]) +
				   defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{VELOCITY}[$bin][3])) < 4 ? 1 : 0,
				  $CTD{SVEL}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
			  );
		  } # for $bin
		} # for $ens
	
	    &antsOut('EOF'); open(STDOUT,">&2");
	}
	progress("\n");
}
	
#----------------------------
# Output depth-binned profile
#----------------------------

if (@out_profile) {
	progress("Writing vertical-velocity profiles to ");
	@antsNewLayout = ('depth','dc_depth','dc_elapsed','dc_w','dc_w.mad','dc_w.nsamp','dc_w12','dc_w34',
							  'uc_depth','uc_elapsed','uc_w','uc_w.mad','uc_w.nsamp','uc_w12','uc_w34',
	                          'BT_w','BT_w.mad','BT_w.nsamp');

	foreach my $of (@out_profile) {
	    progress("<$of> ");
	    $of = ">$of" unless ($of =~ /^$|^\s*\|/);
		open(STDOUT,$of) || error("$of: $!\n");
		undef($antsActiveHeader) unless ($ANTS_TOOLS_AVAILABLE);
	    
		for (my($bi)=0; $bi<=max($#{$DNCAST{ENSEMBLE}},$#{$UPCAST{ENSEMBLE}},$#{$BT{NSAMP}}); $bi++) {
			&antsOut(($bi+0.5)*$opt_o,					# nominal depth
					 $DNCAST{MEAN_DEPTH}[$bi],$DNCAST{MEAN_ELAPSED}[$bi],
					 $DNCAST{N_SAMP}[$bi]>=$opt_k?$DNCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi]:nan,
					 $DNCAST{MAD_W}[$bi],$DNCAST{N_SAMP}[$bi],
					 $DNCAST{MEDIAN_W12}[$bi],$DNCAST{MEDIAN_W34}[$bi],
					 $UPCAST{MEAN_DEPTH}[$bi],$UPCAST{MEAN_ELAPSED}[$bi],
					 $UPCAST{N_SAMP}[$bi]>=$opt_k?$UPCAST{MEDIAN_W}[$bi]:nan,
					 $UPCAST{MAD_W}[$bi],$UPCAST{N_SAMP}[$bi],
					 $UPCAST{MEDIAN_W12}[$bi],$UPCAST{MEDIAN_W34}[$bi],
					 $BT{N_SAMP}[$bi]>=$opt_k?$BT{MEDIAN_W}[$bi]:nan,
					 $BT{MAD_W}[$bi],$BT{N_SAMP}[$bi]
			);
		}
	    &antsOut('EOF'); open(STDOUT,">&2");
	}
	progress("\n");
}

#--------------------------------------
# write time-series output if requested
#--------------------------------------

if (@out_timeseries) {
	progress("Writing time-series data to ");
	@antsNewLayout = ('ensemble','elapsed','downcast',
					  'depth','xducer_sound_speed','pitch','gimbal_pitch','roll','tilt','heading',
					  'CTD_w','CTD_w_tt','LADCP_reflr_w','LADCP_reflr_w.sig',
					  'reflr_ocean_w');
					  
	foreach my $of (@out_timeseries) {
	    progress("<$of> ");
	    $of = ">$of" unless ($of =~ /^$|^\s*\|/);
		open(STDOUT,$of) || error("$of: $!\n");
		undef($antsActiveHeader) unless ($ANTS_TOOLS_AVAILABLE);
		 
		for ($ens=$firstGoodEns; $ens<=$realLastGoodEns; $ens++) {
			next unless defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH});
			my($reflr_oc_w) = defined($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W})
							? $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W} - $CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}]
							: undef;
			&antsOut($LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{NUMBER},
					 $CTD{ELAPSED}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
					 ($ens < $LADCP_atbottom) ? 1 : 0,
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_DEPTH},
					 $CTD{SVEL}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{PITCH},
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{GIMBAL_PITCH},
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{ROLL},
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{TILT},
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{HEADING},
					 $CTD{W}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
					 $CTD{W_tt}[$LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{CTD_SCAN}],
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W},
					 $LADCP{ENSEMBLE}[$ens]->{REFLR_W_STDDEV},
					 $reflr_oc_w);
		}
	
	    &antsOut('EOF'); open(STDOUT,">&2");
	}
	progress("\n");
}

system("{ ./PostProcess.sh $out_basename $RUN $data_subdir $plot_subdir $log_subdir; }&")
	if (-x 'PostProcess.sh');

exit(0);