Effect of elevated CO2 on the community metabolism of an experimental coral reef

[1] The effect of elevated pCO(2) on the metabolism of a coral reef community dominated by macroalgae has been investigated utilizing the large 2650 m 3 coral reef mesocosm at the Biosphere-2 facility near Tucson, Arizona. The carbonate chemistry of the water was manipulated to simulate present-day and a doubled CO2 future condition. Each experiment consisted of a 1-2 month preconditioning period followed by a 7-9 day observational period. The pCO(2) was 404 +/- 63 muatm during the present-day pCO(2) experiment and 658 +/- 59 matm during the elevated pCO(2) experiment. Nutrient levels were low and typical of natural reefs waters (NO3- 0.5-0.9 muM, NH4+ 0.4 muM, PO43- 0.07-0.09 muM). The temperature and salinity of the water were held constant at 26.5 +/- 0.2degreesC and 34.4 +/- 0.2 ppt. Photosynthetically available irradiance was 10 +/- 2 during the present-day experiment and 7.4 +/- 0.5 mol photons m(-2) d(-1) during the elevated pCO(2) experiment. The primary producer biomass in the mesocosm was dominated by four species of macroalgae; Haptilon cubense, Amphiroa fragillisima, Gelidiopsis intricata and Chondria dasyphylla. Algal biomass was 10.4 mol C m(-2) during the present-day and 8.7 mol C m(-2) and during the elevated pCO(2) experiments. As previously observed, the increase in pCO(2) resulted in a decrease in calcification from 0.041 +/- 0.007 to 0.006 +/- 0.003 mol CaCO3 m(-2) d(-1). Net community production (NCP) and dark respiration did not change in response to elevated pCO(2). Light respiration measured by a new radiocarbon isotope dilution method exceeded dark respiration by a factor of 1.2 +/- 0.3 to 2.1 +/- 0.4 on a daily basis and by 2.2 +/- 0.6 to 3.9 +/- 0.8 on an hourly basis. The 1.8-fold increase with increasing pCO(2) indicates that the enhanced respiration in the light was not due to photorespiration. Gross production (GPP) computed as the sum of NCP plus daily respiration (light + dark) increased significantly (0.24 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.32 +/- 0.04 mol C m(-2) d(-1)). However, the conventional calculation of GPP based on the assumption that respiration in the light proceeds at the same rate as the dark underestimated the true rate of GPP by 41-100% and completely missed the increased rate of carbon cycling due to elevated pCO(2). We conclude that under natural, undisturbed, nutrient-limited conditions elevated CO2 depresses calcification, stimulates the rate of turnover of organic carbon, particularly in the light, but has no effect on net organic production. The hypothesis that an increase pCO(2) would produce an increase in net production that would counterbalance the effect of decreasing saturation state on calcification is not supported by these data.