abers

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No longer at LDEO: 
Yes
Adjunct Senior Research Scientist
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Seismology Geology and Tectonophysics
Adjunct Professor
Earth and Environmental Sciences
108D Seismology
61 Route 9W - PO Box 1000
Palisades
NY
10964-8000
US
Fax: 
(845) 365-8150

linebreak

Fields of interest: 
Earthquake seismology, imaging and tectonics of active plate boundaries

Alternate email:  gaa2109 (at) columbia.edu

Brief C.V.

Education  

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA    1989
    Ph.D., Geophysics. 

 Brown University, Providence, RI    1983
    Sc.B. degree magna cum laude in Geology-Physics/Mathematics.

Experience   

    Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY

    Associate Director for Division of Seismology, Geology and Tectonophysics 2011- 

    Lamont Research Professor, 2010-

    Doherty Senior Research Scientist    2008-2010
    Adjunct Professor, Department of Earth & Environ. Sci., Columbia Univ    2008-

    Boston University, Boston, MA   

    Professor of Earth Sciences    2004-2007
    Associate Chairman, Department of Earth Sciences    2000-2006
    Associate Professor of Earth Sciences    1999-2004

    Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble France, Visiting Research Professor    summer 2002

    University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS

    Assistant Professor, Department of Geology    1994-1999

    Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY   

    Adjunct Associate Research Scientist    1994-2003
    Associate Research Scientist    1991-1994
    Post Doctoral Research Scientist in Seismology    1989-1991

Honors and Professional Service

GeoPRISMS Distinguished Lecturer 2011-13
Amphibious Array Steering Committee, 2011-. Chair 2012-
Co-convener, GeoPRISMS-Earthscope Cascadia Workshop 2012
IRIS Planning Committee 2011-
CIDER (Coop. Inst. Deep Earth Res.), summer lecturer 2011
Chairman, MARGINS Steering Committee and MARGINS Office Director    2006-2010
Phys. Earth Planet. Int. “Top-50 Most Cited Articles 2004-7” (Abers, 2005)    2008
NSF MARGINS Initiative Steering Committee     2003-6
Associate Editor, Journal of Geophysical Research – Solid Earth     2003-2006
Standing Committee, PASSCAL Program, IRIS (Inc. Res. Inst. Seismology)    2000-02
Fellow, Geological Society of America    elected 2000
Planning Committee, Subduction Factory MARGINS Theoretical Institute    2000
Associate Editor, Journal of Geophysical Research – Solid Earth     1995-98 
Technical Program Committee, Seismological Society of America meeting    1998
Data Management System Standing Committee, IRIS     1993-95
National Science Foundation Graduate Fellow    1984-1987
Sigma Xi, Phi Beta Kappa, William Gaston Prize in Geological Science, Brown Univ.    1983

Field Experience

Western Washington: Cascadia ship-to-shore wide-angle reflection array 2012
Papua New Guinea:  CDPapua seismic deployment, 2010-2011

Western Washington: Cascadia Arrays For EarthScope (CAFE) seismic deployment    2006-8
Southern Alaska: MOOS broadband PASSCAL deployment    2006-8
Costa Rica, Nicaragua: TUCAN broadband PASSCAL deployment    2004-2006
Costa Rica, Nicaragua: seismological site survey    2003
Papua New Guinea: Woodlark Rift, PASSCAL deployment    1999,2000
Alaska Range: BEAAR, PASSCAL deployment    1999,2000
Alaska Range: seismological site survey    1998
Kansas River: exploratory paleoseismology    1997-8
Central Kansas: broad-band seismograph deployments    1996-1998
Greater Caucasus, Russia: seismic network    1993
Shumagin Islands, Alaska: Strong motion array    1993
Alaska Peninsula Region: Seismic network and broad-band station maintenance    1991
Greater Caucasus, USSR:  PASSCAL aftershock survey    1991
Southern California:  STRC GPS experiment    1991
Alaska Peninsula Region: seismic network maintenance    1990
Papua New Guinea: microseismic and gravity survey    1988
Central Arizona: PACE crustal refraction experiment    1987
Southeast Pacific: Marine geophysical survey, R/V Conrad    1985
Panamint Valley, California: Regional geophysical survey    1985
Southwest Montana: Field Geology Course    1982

Graduate Students Supervised

    Lamont:  E. Triep, X. Hu, J. Garroway, J. Li, Z. Eilon, H. Janiszewski
    Kansas:  G. Sarker, Z. Yu, B. Schlotterbeck, A. Ferris
    Boston:   A. Ferris, J. Stachnik, G. Rossi, L. (Auger) MacKenzie, E. Syracuse, Z. Zhang

Completed Theses (Boston)
Ferris, A., Moho topography beneath active metamorphic core complexes:  D’Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea, MA Thesis, 79 pp., 2002
Stachnik, J.C.,  Seismic Attenuation in Central Alaska, MA Thesis, 122 pp., 2002
Rossi, G., Measuring the Mantle Wedge Poisson’s Ratio and Slab Depth: Central Alaska, 121 pp., 2004
Ferris, A., Seismic Imaging of Active Continental Breakup in the Woodlark Rift System of Papua New Guinea, PhD Thesis, xx pp., 2007
MacKenzie, L., A Receiver Function Study of the Central America and Cascadia Subduction Zone Systems, PhD Thesis, xx pp., 2008

Education
List of degrees from highest to lowest:
Ph.D., Geophysics
M.I.T.
1989
Sc.B., Geology-Physics/Mathematics
Brown University
1983

Lamont Projects:

Lamont/DEES Student List: 

Referenced in the Following News Items:

Featured in the Following Videos:

Selected Publications:

Subduction Zones Abers, G A Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics p.: 1395-1405 (2011)
Shallow structure of the Cascadia subduction zone beneath western Washington from spectral ambient noise correlation Calkins, J.A.; Abers, G.A.; Ekström, G.; Creager, K.C.; Rondnay, S. Journal of Geophysical Research Volume: 116 Issue: B07302 (2011) doi:10.1029/2010JB007657
Subduction factory 4: Depth-dependent flux of H2O from subducting slabs worldwide van Keken, P.E.; Hacker, B.R.; Syracuse, E.M.; Abers, G.A. J. Geophys. Res. Volume: 116 p.: art. no. B01401 (2011) 10.1029/2010JB007922
Predicted velocity and density structure of the exhuming Papua New Guniea ultrahigh-pressure terrane Brownlee, S.J.; Hacker, B.R.; Salisbury, M.; Seward, G.; Little, T.A.; Baldwin, S.L.; Abers, G.A. J. Geophys. Res. Volume: 116 p.: art. no. B08206 (2011)
Constraints on upper-plate deformation in the Nicaragua subduction zone from earthquake location and directivity analysis French, S.W.; Warren, L.M.; Fischer, K.M.; Abers, G.A.; Strauch, W.; Protti, J.M.; Gonzalez, V. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. Volume: 11 p.: art. no. Q03S20 (2010) 10.1029/2009GC002841
Constraints on upper mantle anisotropy surrounding the Cocos slab from SK(K)S splitting Abt, D.L.; Fischer, K.M.; Abers, G.A.; Protti, J.M.; Gonzalez V.; Strauch, W. J. Geophys. Res. Volume: 115 p.: art. no. B06316 (2010) 10.1029/2009JB006710
Seismic anisotropy under central Alaska from SKS splitting observations Christensen, D.; Abers, G.A. J. Geophys. Res. Volume: 115 p.: art. no. B04315 (2010) 10.1029/2009JB006712
The Global Range of Subduction Zone Thermal Models Syracuse, E.M.; van Keken, P.E.; Abers, G.A. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. Volume: 183 p.: 73-90 (2010)
Imaging a steeply dipping subducting slab in southern Central America MacKenzie L.M.; Abers, GA; Rondenay, S; Fischer, KM Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. Volume: 296 p.: 459-468 (2010)
Shear wave anisotropy beneath Nicaragua and Costa Rica: Implications for flow in the mantle wedge Abt, D. L.; Fischer, K. M.; Abers, G. A.; Strauch, W.; Protti, J. M.; Gonzalez, V. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems May 27 Volume: 10 p.: - (2009) Doi 10.1029/2009gc002375
Systematic biases in subduction zone hypocenters Syracuse, E. M.; Abers, G. A. Geophysical Research Letters May 27 Volume: 36 p.: - (2009) Doi 10.1029/2009gl037487
Modeling the subduction factory: The ins and outs from a thermal and dynamical perspective van Keken, P. E.; Syracuse, E. M.; Hacker, B. H.; Abers, G. A.; Fischer, K. M.; Kneller, E. A.; Spiegelman, M. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta Jun Volume: 73 Issue: 13 p.: A1372-A1372 (2009)
Slip on shallow-dipping normal faults (Research Focus) Abers, G A Geology Volume: 37 p.: 767-768 (2009)
Imaging the source region of Cascadia tremor and intermediate-depth earthquakes Abers, G A; MacKenzie, L S; Rondenay, S; Zhang, Z; Wech, A G; Creager, K C Geology Volume: 37 p.: 1119-1122 (2009)
Determination of surface-wave phase velocities across USArray from noise and Aki?s spectral formulation Ekstrom, G; Abers, G A; Webb, S C Geophys Res Lett Volume: 36 p.: L18301, doi (2009)
Phase velocities from seismic noise using beamforming and cross correlation in Costa Rica and Nicaragua Harmon, N.; Gertsoft, P.; Rychert, C.A.; Abers, G.A.; Salas de la Cruz, M.; Fischer, K.M. Geophys. Res. Lett. Volume: 35 p.: L19303, doi:10.1029/2008GL035387 (2008)
Arc-parallel flow in the mantle wedge beneath Costa Rica and Nicaragua Hoernle, K.; Abt, D. L.; Fischer, K. M.; Nichols, H.; Hauff, F.; Abers, G. A.; van den Bogaard, P.; Heydolph, K.; Alvarado, G.; Protti, M.; Strauch, W. Nature Feb 28 Volume: 451 Issue: 7182 p.: 1094-U4 (2008) Doi 10.1038/Nature06550
Seismic imaging of subduction zone metamorphism Rondenay, S.; Abers, G. A.; Van Keken, P. E. Geology Apr Volume: 36 Issue: 4 p.: 275-278 (2008) Doi 10.1130/G24112a.1
Phase velocities from seismic noise using beamforming and cross correlation in Costa Rica and Nicaragua Harmon, N.; Gerstoft, P.; Rychert, C. A.; Abers, G. A.; de la Cruz, M. S.; Fischer, K. M. Geophysical Research Letters Oct 3 Volume: 35 Issue: 19 p.: - (2008) Doi 10.1029/2008gl035387
Arc-parallel flow in the mantle wedge beneath Costa Rica and Nicaragua Hoernle, K.; Abt, D. L.; Fischer, K. M.; Nichols, H.; Hauff, F.; Abers, G. A.; van den Bogaard, P.; Heydolph, K.; Alvarado, G.; Protti, M.; Strauch, W. Nature Feb 28 Volume: 451 Issue: 7182 p.: 1094-U4 (2008) Doi 10.1038/Nature06550
Crustal structure along the southern Central American volcanic front MacKenzie, L.; Abers, G. A.; Fischer, K. M.; Syracuse, E. M.; Protti, J. M.; Gonzalez, V.; Strauch, W. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Aug 20 Volume: 9 p.: - (2008) Doi 10.1029/2008gc001991
Seismic imaging of subduction zone metamorphism Rondenay, S.; Abers, G. A.; Van Keken, P. E. Geology Apr Volume: 36 Issue: 4 p.: 275-278 (2008) Doi 10.1130/G24112a.1
Strong along-arc variations in attenuation in the mantle wedge beneath Costa Rica and Nicaragua Rychert, C. A.; Fischer, K. M.; Abers, G. A.; Plank, T.; Syracuse, E.; Protti, J. M.; Gonzalez, V.; Strauch, W. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Oct 9 Volume: 9 p.: - (2008) Doi 10.1029/2008gc002040
Seismic tomography and earthquake locations in the Nicaraguan and Costa Rican upper mantle Syracuse, E. M.; Abers, G. A.; Fischer, K.; MacKenzie, L.; Rychert, C.; Protti, M.; Gonzalez, V.; Strauch, W. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Jul 30 Volume: 9 p.: - (2008) Doi 10.1029/2008gc001963
The thermal structure of subduction zones constrained by seismic imaging: Implications for slab dehydration and wedge flow Abers, G. A.; van Keken, P. E.; Kneller, E. A.; Ferris, A.; Stachnik, J. C. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Jan 31 Volume: 241 Issue: 3-4 p.: 387-397 (2006) DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.055
Imaging the transition from Aleutian subduction to Yakutat collision in central Alaska, with local earthquakes and active source data Eberhart-Philips, D.; Christensen, D. H.; Brocher, T. M.; Hansen, R.; Ruppert, N. A.; Haeussler, P. J.; Abers, G. A. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Nov 8 Volume: 111 Issue: B11 p.: - (2006) Doi 10.1029/2005jb004240
Crustal structure across the transition from rifting to spreading: the Woodlark rift system of Papua New Guinea Ferris, A.; Abers, G. A.; Zelt, B.; Taylor, B.; Roecker, S. Geophysical Journal International Aug Volume: 166 Issue: 2 p.: 622-634 (2006) DOI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02970.x
Global compilation of variations in slab depth beneath arc volcanoes and implications Syracuse, E. M.; Abers, G. A. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems May 23 Volume: 7 p.: - (2006) Doi 10.1029/2005gc001045
Crustal thickness variation in south-central Alaska Veenstra, E.; Christensen, D. H.; Abers, G. A.; Ferris, A. Geology Sep Volume: 34 Issue: 9 p.: 781-784 (2006) Doi 10.1130/G22615.1
Unusual mantle Poisson's ratio, subduction, and crustal structure in central Alaska Rossi, G.; Abers, G. A.; Rondenay, S.; Christensen, D. H. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Sep 22 Volume: 111 Issue: B9 (2006) Doi 10.1029/2005jb003956
Seismic low-velocity layer at the top of subducting slabs: observations, predictions, and systematics Abers, G. A. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Mar 15 Volume: 149 Issue: 1-2 p.: 7-29 (2005) DOI 10.1016/j.pepi.2004.10.002
Reply to comment by R. Bousquet et al. on - "Subduction factory: 1. Theoretical mineralogy, densities, seismic wave speeds and H2O contents" Hacker, B. R.; Abers, G. A.; Peacock, S. M.; Johnston, S. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Feb 10 Volume: 110 Issue: B2 p.: - (2005) Doi 10.1029/2004jb003490
Thermal structure of the Costa Rica - Nicaragua subduction zone Peacock, S. M.; van Keken, P. E.; Holloway, S. D.; Hacker, B. R.; Abers, G. A.; Fergason, R. L. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Mar 15 Volume: 149 Issue: 1-2 p.: 187-200 (2005) DOI 10.1016/j.pepi.2004.08.030
Subduction Factory 3: An Excel worksheet and macro for calculating the densities, seismic wave speeds, and H2O contents of minerals and rocks at pressure and temperature Hacker, B. R.; Abers, G. A. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Jan 20 Volume: 5 p.: - (2004) Doi 10.1029/2003gc000614
Investigation of microearthquakes, macroseismic data, and liquefaction associated with the 1867 Wamego earthquake in eastern Kansas Niemi, T. M.; Ferris, A. N.; Abers, G. A. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Dec Volume: 94 Issue: 6 p.: 2317-2329 (2004)
Seismic attenuation and mantle wedge temperatures in the Alaska subduction zone Stachnik, J. C.; Abers, G. A.; Christensen, D. H. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Oct 8 Volume: 109 Issue: B10 p.: - (2004) Doi 10.1029/2004jb003018
The wet Nicaraguan slab Abers, G. A.; Plank, T.; Hacker, B. R. Geophysical Research Letters Jan 31 Volume: 30 Issue: 2 p.: - (2003) Doi 10.1029/2002gl015649
Glacial earthquakes Ekstrom, G.; Nettles, M.; Abers, G. A. Science Oct 24 Volume: 302 Issue: 5645 p.: 622-624 (2003) DOI 10.1126/science.1088057
High resolution image of the subducted Pacific (?) plate beneath central Alaska, 50-150 km depth Ferris, A.; Abers, G. A.; Christensen, D. H.; Veenstra, E. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Sep 30 Volume: 214 Issue: 3-4 p.: 575-588 (2003) Doi 10.1016/S0012-821x(03)00403-5
Subduction factory - 1. Theoretical mineralogy, densities, seismic wave speeds, and H2O contents Hacker, B. R.; Abers, G. A.; Peacock, S. M. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Jan 18 Volume: 108 Issue: B1 p.: - (2003) Doi 10.1029/2001jb001127
Subduction factory - 2. Are intermediate-depth earthquakes in subducting slabs linked to metamorphic dehydration reactions? Hacker, B. R.; Peacock, S. M.; Abers, G. A.; Holloway, S. D. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Jan 18 Volume: 108 Issue: B1 p.: - (2003) Doi 10.1029/2001jb001129
Mantle compensation of active metamorphic core complexes at Woodlark rift in Papua New Guinea Abers, G. A.; Ferris, A.; Craig, M.; Davies, H.; Lerner-Lam, A. L.; Mutter, J. C.; Taylor, B. Nature Aug 22 Volume: 418 Issue: 6900 p.: 862-865 (2002) Doi 10.1038/Nature00990
Direct inversion of earthquake first motions for both the stress tensor and focal mechanisms and application to southern California Abers, G. A.; Gephart, J. W. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Nov 10 Volume: 106 Issue: B11 p.: 26523-26540 (2001)
Three-dimensional attenuation variations in southern California Schlotterbeck, B. A.; Abers, G. A. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Dec 10 Volume: 106 Issue: B12 p.: 30719-30735 (2001)
Hydrated subducted crust at 100-250 km depth Abers, G. A. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Mar 30 Volume: 176 Issue: 3-4 p.: 323-330 (2000)
Lithospheric temperature estimates from seismic attenuation across range fronts in southern and central Eurasia Sarker, G.; Abers, G. A. Geology May Volume: 27 Issue: 5 p.: 427-430 (1999)
Array measurements of phases used in receiver-function calculations: Importance of scattering Abers, G. A. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Feb Volume: 88 Issue: 1 p.: 313-318 (1998)
Comparison of seismic body wave and coda wave measures of Q Sarker, G.; Abers, G. A. Pure and Applied Geophysics Dec Volume: 153 Issue: 2-4 p.: 665-683 (1998)
Deep structures along the boundary of a collisional belt: attenuation tomography of P and S waves in the Greater Caucasus Sarker, G.; Abers, G. A. Geophysical Journal International May Volume: 133 Issue: 2 p.: 326-340 (1998)
Shallow dips of normal faults during rapid extension: Earthquakes in the Woodlark-D'Entrecasteaux rift system, Papua New Guinea Abers, G. A.; Mutter, C. Z.; Fang, J. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Jul 10 Volume: 102 Issue: B7 p.: 15301-15317 (1997)
Slab low-velocity layer in the eastern Aleutian subduction zone Helffrich, G.; Abers, G. A. Geophysical Journal International Sep Volume: 130 Issue: 3 p.: 640-648 (1997)
The M(s)=7.3 1992 Suusamyr, Kyrgyzstan, earthquake .1. Constraints on fault geometry and source parameters based on aftershocks and body-wave modeling Mellors, R. J.; Vernon, F. L.; Pavlis, G. L.; Abers, G. A.; Hamburger, M. W.; Ghose, S.; Iliasov, B. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Feb Volume: 87 Issue: 1 p.: 11-22 (1997)
Dispersion of regional body waves at 100-150 km depth beneath Alaska: In situ constraints on metamorphism of subducted crust Abers, G. A.; Sarker, G. Geophysical Research Letters May 15 Volume: 23 Issue: 10 p.: 1171-1174 (1996)
Active Thrust Front of the Greater Caucasus - the April 29, 1991, Racha Earthquake Sequence and Its Tectonic Implications Triep, E. G.; Abers, G. A.; Lernerlam, A. L.; Mishatkin, V.; Zakharchenko, N.; Starovoit, O. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Mar 10 Volume: 100 Issue: B3 p.: 4011-4033 (1995)
Crustal Thickness Variations across the Colorado Rocky-Mountain from Teleseismic Receiver Functions Sheehan, A. F.; Abers, G. A.; Jones, C. H.; Lernerlam, A. L. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Oct 10 Volume: 100 Issue: B10 p.: 20391-20404 (1995)
Large accelerations and tectonic setting of the May 1993 Shumagin Islands earthquake sequence Abers, G. A.; Beavan, J.; Horton, S.; Jaume, S.; Triep, E. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Dec Volume: 85 Issue: 6 p.: 1730-1738 (1995)
Source Scaling of Earthquakes in the Shumagin Region, Alaska - Time-Domain Inversions of Regional Wave-Forms Abers, G. A.; Hu, X. X.; Sykes, L. R. Geophysical Journal International Oct Volume: 123 Issue: 1 p.: 41-58 (1995)
Seismic Anisotropy beneath the Shumagin Islands Segment of the Aleutian-Alaska Subduction Zone Yang, X. P.; Fischer, K. M.; Abers, G. A. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Sep 10 Volume: 100 Issue: B9 p.: 18165-18177 (1995)
3-Dimensional Inversion of Regional P and S Arrival Times in the East Aleutians and Sources of Subduction Zone Gravity Highs Abers, G. A. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Mar 10 Volume: 99 Issue: B3 p.: 4395-4412 (1994)
Bering Sea Earthquake of February 21, 1991 - Active Faulting Along the Bering Shelf Edge Abers, G. A.; Ekstrom, G.; Marlow, M. S.; Geist, E. L. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth Feb 10 Volume: 98 Issue: B2 p.: 2155-2165 (1993)
Shallow Seismicity of Arc-Continent Collision near Lae, Papua-New-Guinea Kulig, C.; Mccaffrey, R.; Abers, G. A.; Letz, H. Tectonophysics Nov 30 Volume: 227 Issue: 1-4 p.: 81-93 (1993)
Relationship between Shallow-Depth and Intermediate-Depth Seismicity in the Eastern Aleutian Subduction Zone Abers, G. A. Geophysical Research Letters Oct 23 Volume: 19 Issue: 20 p.: 2019-2022 (1992)
Orogeny in Arc-Continent Collision - the Banda Arc and Western New-Guinea Mccaffrey, R.; Abers, G. A. Geology Jun Volume: 19 Issue: 6 p.: 563-566 (1991)
Deep-Structure of an Arc-Continent Collision - Earthquake Relocation and Inversion for Upper Mantle P and S-Wave Velocities beneath Papua-New-Guinea Abers, G. A.; Roecker, S. W. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets Apr 10 Volume: 96 Issue: B4 p.: 6379-6401 (1991)
Regional Gravity-Anomalies, Depth of the Foreland Basin and Isostatic Compensation of the New-Guinea Highlands Abers, G. A.; Lyoncaen, H. Tectonics Dec Volume: 9 Issue: 6 p.: 1479-1493 (1990)
Seamount Abundances and Distributions in the Southeast Pacific Abers, G. A.; Parsons, B.; Weissel, J. K. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Jan Volume: 87 Issue: 1-2 p.: 137-151 (1988)