Mean annual surface temperature differences between the periods from 1999 to 2012 and 1976 to 1998 in °C. In the Pacific the spatial pattern strongly resembles the negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) [Trenberth and Fasullo, 2013]. Our study sites at Fiji, Tonga, and Rarotonga (FTR) are indicated as is New Caledonia, Maiana, Jarvis, Fanning,

and Palmyra (see text). Figure modified from Trenberth and Fasullo [2013].