Hydrology EESC BC 3025
Hydraulics experiments - Carleton laboratory
Note: we'll meet at 10:10 in front of 161 Mudd
on the CU campus (enter
at north entrance on 120th St near Amsterdam Ave). Please be on-time!!
Experiment 1: Laminar flow table
- the dyes on the laminar flow table are indicative of the
streamlines (streamline = a path defined by the motion of fluid
elements in a flow; at any point along a streamline, the flow
direction is tangent to the streamline. Conceptually, water may
not cross streamlines.)
- the density of streamlines is proportional to the flow
velocity
- observe and note the flow line patterns around the
obstructions (Fig)
- what conclusion can you draw in terms of pressure and flow
velocity, considering that Bernoulli's law is valid for this
situation: u2/(2*g) + z +p/(r*g)
= constant?
- is there evidence for turbulent flow (Fig)
- where in the real world can you find situations like the ones
shown here?
Experiment 2: Discharge measurements using control structures
- the height behind a weir is related to the discharge rate by
the equations given below

- determine the geometry of the weir and measure the relevant
parameters
- measure Q as a function of H for 5 different settings for one
of the weirs (Fig)
- enter the data in Google
doc
- Some of the results of this exercise will be subject of the
next homework.
- previous year's data (channel_lab_sum.xls)
Experiment 3: Bernoulli's law
- Bernoulli 's theorem states that along a streamline:
- u2/(2*g) + z +p/(ρ*g) =
constant and the flow rate in a pipe is Q=u*A (A is the
cross sectional area of a pipe).

- The experimental set-up includes a transparent
horizontal pipe that decreases from a diameter of 25 mm to a
minimum diameter of 10 mm and then increases back to a diameter
of 25 mm. The changes in pipe diameter are achieved via tapered
sections. The converging section has a smaller angle that the
diverging section.
- Manometer tubes are attached at different locations along the
pipe. The entrance to these tubes is perpendicular to the
direction of flow. Thus, the tubes measure the piezometric head (p/(ρ*g) + z) at a specific location. A
total head probe can be inserted into the pipe to measure the
total head (u2/(2*g) + z
+p/(ρ*g)) at different locations within the pipe.
- Make sure the apparatus is level. Check that the manometer
tubes do not contain air-bubbles as this will distort the
readings.
- Use the top of the base-plate upon which the apparatus rests
as a datum (z=0). Measure the elevation of the horizontal
centerline of the pipe above this datum as well as the elevation
of the zero scale for the manometer tubes above this datum.
- Carefully adjust the inlet feed and the flow control valve on
the outlet of the apparatus so that the water in the manometer
tubes rises as high as is reasonably possible.
- Note the scale reading on each tube. Find the flow rate
through the pipe, Q. by takjng the average of three sets of
volume and time measurements. Use the tank 's volume measurement
system for this. Insert the total head probe into the pipe and
measure the total head at each location where a manometer
tapping is measuring the piezometric head.
- Repeat the procedure outlined in the above paragraph for two
flow rates in total. Flow rates can be adjusted using the outlet
flow control valve. Try to obtain a reasonable change in the
manometer heights between the different flow rates.
- Enter the data in the Google
document.
Resources: