Intro test - ENV BC 3025 - Hydrology

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  1. Hydrology is:
    1.  "water science."
    2. the occurrence and movement of water on and beneath the surface of the Earth, the properties of water, and its relationship with the living and material components of the environment.
    3. the study of oceanic circulation.
    4. the mechanics of water movement in hydraulic devices, such as hydraulic lifts.
  2. The concept of the hydrological cycle includes which of the following components?
    1. reservoirs or compartments
    2. the movement of water between different reservoirs
    3. a continuous movement of water from atmosphere to continents or oceans and back
    4. solar energy as the primary driving force
  3. Where do you find most of the freshwater on this planet?
    1. in contiental ice
    2. sea ice
    3. lakes
    4. groundwater
  4. The principle of conservation of mass may be stated as:
    1. for a given control volume, the time rate of change of volume stored is equal to the difference between the volumetric inflow rate and the volumetric outflow rate.
    2. for a given control volume, the mass inflow rate must equal the mass outflow rate.
    3. for a given control volume, the mass stored is equal to the difference between the mass inflow rate and the mass outflow rate.
    4. for a given control volume, the time rate of change of mass stored is equal to the difference between the mass inflow rate and the mass outflow rate.
  5. The residence time, Tr [T], is:
    1. a measure of the size of a control volume or hydrological compartment.
    2. a measure of how long, on average, a water molecule spends within a particular control volume.
    3. equal to the inflow or outflow rate divided by the volume of the reservoir.
    4. equal to the reservoir volume divided by the inflow or outflow rate.
  6. Which of the following are not important components of an annual catchment water budget?
    1. precipitation
    2. surface water outflow
    3. evapotranspiration
    4. surface water inflow
  7. An air mass is lifted as it encounters and moves over a mountain. Which of the following are likely to occur?
    1.  The air will cool and the vapor pressure will increase.
    2.  The saturation vapor pressure will increase as the air is cooled.
    3.  Supersaturated conditions may develop as the air mass is cooled.
    4.  Undersaturated conditions may develop as the air mass is cooled.
  8. Which of the following is not a significant outlet for the sun's energy reaching the land surface?
    1. surface water runoff
    2. heating of the overlying air
    3. conversion of liquid water to water vapor
    4. conduction into the soil
  9. Evapotranspiration rates:
    1. are related to the latent heat flux through the latent heat of fusion.
    2. depend primarily on soil wetness.
    3. depend primarily on the supply of radiant energy.
    4. are less than or equal to the rate of potential evapotranspiration (PET).
  10. When a steady flow of water through a horizontal pipe passes through an expansion (increase in pipe diameter),
    1. velocity increases.
    2. velocity decreases.
    3. pressure increases.
    4. discharge decreases.
  11. A hydrograph gives:
    1. the exceedance probability of annual peak floods.
    2. precipitation as a function of time.
    3. discharge as a function of stage for a stream.
    4. stream discharge as a function of time.
  12. The water table:
    1. forms the upper boundary of an unconfined aquifer.
    2. is a surface along which the (gage) pressure is zero.
    3.  is determined by the water level in a well within an unconfined aquifer.
    4.  is called the potentiometric surface in a confined aquifer.
  13. A groundwater discharge area:
    1. occurs where groundwater is crossing the water table in a downward direction.
    2. will generally be found at the top of a hillslope.
    3.  is characterized by an increase in hydraulic head with depth in the saturated zone.
    4. will often occur near or beneath surface water bodies, such as lakes or streams.
  14. Land subsidence:
    1. can promote flooding.
    2. is the result of artificial recharge of groundwater.
    3.  is the result of groundwater overdrafting.
    4.  is not a significant problem.
  15. The most efficient irrigation technique is:
    1. furrow irrigation.
    2. drip irrigation.
    3. sprinkler irrigation.
    4. flood irrigation.
  16. Dams
    1. have a limited lifetime because the subsurface becomes more permeable with time and water is lost at an increasing rate.
    2. increase the danger of floods.
    3. increase the sediment load of the stream because of the high velocity of the water flowing out of the reservoir.
    4. often become useless because the reservoir behind the dam silt up over time.